https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Samenvatting&feed=atom&action=historySamenvatting - Revision history2024-03-29T14:21:32ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.5https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Samenvatting&diff=15939&oldid=prevS126393: /* Discussion and conclusion */2014-10-19T13:52:58Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Discussion and conclusion</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the results, the concept persuasion did not result in a significant difference between the conditions. This can be seen by looking at the high p-value that was found. Besides that, the effect size was taken into consideration and this was close to zero. Even after controlling for willingness to adjust showering habits, the effect was non-significant, and the effect size hardly increased.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the results, the concept persuasion did not result in a significant difference between the conditions. This can be seen by looking at the high p-value that was found. Besides that, the effect size was taken into consideration and this was close to zero. Even after controlling for willingness to adjust showering habits, the effect was non-significant, and the effect size hardly increased.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Likeability also showed a non-significant effect, but in contrast to persuasion a small effect size was found. However, a significant <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">small to medium </del>effect was found in likeability between the conditions when only participants were included that at least heard four out of five positive audiofragments. This makes sense, since likeability is in itself a positive concept. So the more happy a fragment sounds (happy versus neutral), the more likeable it is perceived. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Likeability also showed a non-significant effect, but in contrast to persuasion a small effect size was found. However, a significant<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, large </ins>effect was found in likeability between the conditions when only participants were included that at least heard four out of five positive audiofragments. This makes sense, since likeability is in itself a positive concept. So the more happy a fragment sounds (happy versus neutral), the more likeable it is perceived. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Both findings for persuasion and likeability go against the hypothesis that were formulated in the introduction. This can be explained by several things. At first for persuasion it yields that emotion might not be enough to persuade people into changing their behavior. Some participants gave the feedback that also the content of the sentence is of importance: there must be more information available about the water consumption and constructing arguments should be given. Leaving out information was done deliberately to only focus on the emotional context of the sentence instead of the informational context. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Both findings for persuasion and likeability go against the hypothesis that were formulated in the introduction. This can be explained by several things. At first for persuasion it yields that emotion might not be enough to persuade people into changing their behavior. Some participants gave the feedback that also the content of the sentence is of importance: there must be more information available about the water consumption and constructing arguments should be given. Leaving out information was done deliberately to only focus on the emotional context of the sentence instead of the informational context. </div></td></tr>
</table>S126393https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Samenvatting&diff=15917&oldid=prevS126005: /* Discussion and conclusion */2014-10-19T13:07:10Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Discussion and conclusion</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:07, 19 October 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The outcome of this research is in accordance with the previous done research that is stated in the introduction. Namely, when multiple characteristics of emotions were combined, e.g acoustic and meaning of the sentence, it has a reinforcing effect. This reinforcing effect after a combination of different features was also found in previous researches. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The outcome of this research is in accordance with the previous done research that is stated in the introduction. Namely, when multiple characteristics of emotions were combined, e.g acoustic and meaning of the sentence, it has a reinforcing effect. This reinforcing effect after a combination of different features was also found in previous researches. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now lets look back at the problem that was given at the beginning of this reserach: the extreme limited freedom of patients who suffer from ALS. As any human they strive for independence, but this becomes impossible in many cases as the illness develops. Increasing their freedom in any way would be a gift to them. The freedom to express yourself is the main focus of this research. Researches are busy with technology that allows people with ALS to use their own voice with speech technology<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </del>(EUAN MacDonald Centre) This research looks further than using the sound of the voice from people with ALS. By using someone’s own sound the level of animacy would improve a lot, but as this research shows adding acoustic features of emotion to a voice produced by a TTS, will also enhance the level of animacy. Also the perceived likeability when using certain emotions will be increased when implementing the acoustic features. Using these findings in speech technology will allow people with ALS to create a stronger emotional bond through speech with the people surroundig them. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now lets look back at the problem that was given at the beginning of this reserach: the extreme limited freedom of patients who suffer from ALS. As any human they strive for independence, but this becomes impossible in many cases as the illness develops. Increasing their freedom in any way would be a gift to them. The freedom to express yourself is the main focus of this research. Researches are busy with technology that allows people with ALS to use their own voice with speech technology (EUAN MacDonald Centre)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins>This research looks further than using the sound of the voice from people with ALS. By using someone’s own sound the level of animacy would improve a lot, but as this research shows adding acoustic features of emotion to a voice produced by a TTS, will also enhance the level of animacy. Also the perceived likeability when using certain emotions will be increased when implementing the acoustic features. Using these findings in speech technology will allow people with ALS to create a stronger emotional bond through speech with the people surroundig them. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, this implementation might not be that useful for persuasive technology as stated in the introduction. After analysing the results there was no significant difference between using acoustic features of emotions or not and there was also no large effect. However, the concept of persuasiveness was taken into account for a broader implementation of the findings of this research. This concept is not necesarilly relevant to the issue of ALS. This does not mean that the findings of this research are not relevant for other implementations. When no anatomic features of emotion are available, the combination of acoustic and grammatical features has a positive effect on animacy and likeability. This can be used for social robots that cannot express themselves with mimicry. Examples of these kind of robots are the Nao robot and the Amigo robot. The research that was performed used different parameters to change the voices according to a certain emotion. The Nao robot has the option to change the pitch and the volume of the voice (Aldebaran, 2013). These are both acoustic features of emotion that were also used to create the voices in the conducted research. Besides that, speech rate and pitch variations within sentenes and words were manipulated, but in the explanation of the text to speech program of Nao nothing is said about speed changes. Pitch variations within sentences and words are also not mentioned as an option. This means that Nao can be used to create emotionally loaded sentences, however these sentences will not express the emotion that well as the sentences in this research did, because not all used parameters can be changed for Nao. The aim of Nao can vary a lot. If you know for wich goal it is used, a set of predefined sentences can be programmed that are (partially) adjusted to the right emotion. If improvements of the speech technology of Nao in the future ensure that the changeable parameters are expanded, Nao can become even more appropriate for messaging emotionally loaded sentences. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, this implementation might not be that useful for persuasive technology as stated in the introduction. After analysing the results there was no significant difference between using acoustic features of emotions or not and there was also no large effect. However, the concept of persuasiveness was taken into account for a broader implementation of the findings of this research. This concept is not necesarilly relevant to the issue of ALS. This does not mean that the findings of this research are not relevant for other implementations. When no anatomic features of emotion are available, the combination of acoustic and grammatical features has a positive effect on animacy and likeability. This can be used for social robots that cannot express themselves with mimicry. Examples of these kind of robots are the Nao robot and the Amigo robot. The research that was performed used different parameters to change the voices according to a certain emotion. The Nao robot has the option to change the pitch and the volume of the voice (Aldebaran, 2013). These are both acoustic features of emotion that were also used to create the voices in the conducted research. Besides that, speech rate and pitch variations within sentenes and words were manipulated, but in the explanation of the text to speech program of Nao nothing is said about speed changes. Pitch variations within sentences and words are also not mentioned as an option. This means that Nao can be used to create emotionally loaded sentences, however these sentences will not express the emotion that well as the sentences in this research did, because not all used parameters can be changed for Nao. The aim of Nao can vary a lot. If you know for wich goal it is used, a set of predefined sentences can be programmed that are (partially) adjusted to the right emotion. If improvements of the speech technology of Nao in the future ensure that the changeable parameters are expanded, Nao can become even more appropriate for messaging emotionally loaded sentences. </div></td></tr>
</table>S126005https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Samenvatting&diff=15916&oldid=prevS126005: /* Discussion and conclusion */2014-10-19T13:06:29Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Discussion and conclusion</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:06, 19 October 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The outcome of this research is in accordance with the previous done research that is stated in the introduction. Namely, when multiple characteristics of emotions were combined, e.g acoustic and meaning of the sentence, it has a reinforcing effect. This reinforcing effect after a combination of different features was also found in previous researches. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The outcome of this research is in accordance with the previous done research that is stated in the introduction. Namely, when multiple characteristics of emotions were combined, e.g acoustic and meaning of the sentence, it has a reinforcing effect. This reinforcing effect after a combination of different features was also found in previous researches. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now lets look back at the problem that was given at the beginning of this reserach: the extreme limited freedom of patients who suffer from ALS. As any human they strive for independence, but this becomes impossible in many cases as the illness develops. Increasing their freedom in any way would be a gift to them. The freedom to express yourself is the main focus of this research. Researches are busy with technology that allows people with ALS to use their own voice with speech technology. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BRON???!!!</del>) This research looks further than using the sound of the voice from people with ALS. By using someone’s own sound the level of animacy would improve a lot, but as this research shows adding acoustic features of emotion to a voice produced by a TTS, will also enhance the level of animacy. Also the perceived likeability when using certain emotions will be increased when implementing the acoustic features. Using these findings in speech technology will allow people with ALS to create a stronger emotional bond through speech with the people surroundig them. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now lets look back at the problem that was given at the beginning of this reserach: the extreme limited freedom of patients who suffer from ALS. As any human they strive for independence, but this becomes impossible in many cases as the illness develops. Increasing their freedom in any way would be a gift to them. The freedom to express yourself is the main focus of this research. Researches are busy with technology that allows people with ALS to use their own voice with speech technology. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">EUAN MacDonald Centre</ins>) This research looks further than using the sound of the voice from people with ALS. By using someone’s own sound the level of animacy would improve a lot, but as this research shows adding acoustic features of emotion to a voice produced by a TTS, will also enhance the level of animacy. Also the perceived likeability when using certain emotions will be increased when implementing the acoustic features. Using these findings in speech technology will allow people with ALS to create a stronger emotional bond through speech with the people surroundig them. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, this implementation might not be that useful for persuasive technology as stated in the introduction. After analysing the results there was no significant difference between using acoustic features of emotions or not and there was also no large effect. However, the concept of persuasiveness was taken into account for a broader implementation of the findings of this research. This concept is not necesarilly relevant to the issue of ALS. This does not mean that the findings of this research are not relevant for other implementations. When no anatomic features of emotion are available, the combination of acoustic and grammatical features has a positive effect on animacy and likeability. This can be used for social robots that cannot express themselves with mimicry. Examples of these kind of robots are the Nao robot and the Amigo robot. The research that was performed used different parameters to change the voices according to a certain emotion. The Nao robot has the option to change the pitch and the volume of the voice (Aldebaran, 2013). These are both acoustic features of emotion that were also used to create the voices in the conducted research. Besides that, speech rate and pitch variations within sentenes and words were manipulated, but in the explanation of the text to speech program of Nao nothing is said about speed changes. Pitch variations within sentences and words are also not mentioned as an option. This means that Nao can be used to create emotionally loaded sentences, however these sentences will not express the emotion that well as the sentences in this research did, because not all used parameters can be changed for Nao. The aim of Nao can vary a lot. If you know for wich goal it is used, a set of predefined sentences can be programmed that are (partially) adjusted to the right emotion. If improvements of the speech technology of Nao in the future ensure that the changeable parameters are expanded, Nao can become even more appropriate for messaging emotionally loaded sentences. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, this implementation might not be that useful for persuasive technology as stated in the introduction. After analysing the results there was no significant difference between using acoustic features of emotions or not and there was also no large effect. However, the concept of persuasiveness was taken into account for a broader implementation of the findings of this research. This concept is not necesarilly relevant to the issue of ALS. This does not mean that the findings of this research are not relevant for other implementations. When no anatomic features of emotion are available, the combination of acoustic and grammatical features has a positive effect on animacy and likeability. This can be used for social robots that cannot express themselves with mimicry. Examples of these kind of robots are the Nao robot and the Amigo robot. The research that was performed used different parameters to change the voices according to a certain emotion. The Nao robot has the option to change the pitch and the volume of the voice (Aldebaran, 2013). These are both acoustic features of emotion that were also used to create the voices in the conducted research. Besides that, speech rate and pitch variations within sentenes and words were manipulated, but in the explanation of the text to speech program of Nao nothing is said about speed changes. Pitch variations within sentences and words are also not mentioned as an option. This means that Nao can be used to create emotionally loaded sentences, however these sentences will not express the emotion that well as the sentences in this research did, because not all used parameters can be changed for Nao. The aim of Nao can vary a lot. If you know for wich goal it is used, a set of predefined sentences can be programmed that are (partially) adjusted to the right emotion. If improvements of the speech technology of Nao in the future ensure that the changeable parameters are expanded, Nao can become even more appropriate for messaging emotionally loaded sentences. </div></td></tr>
</table>S126005https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Samenvatting&diff=15883&oldid=prevS126005: /* Discussion and conclusion */2014-10-19T11:46:33Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Discussion and conclusion</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:46, 19 October 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The outcome of this research is in accordance with the previous done research that is stated in the introduction. Namely, when multiple characteristics of emotions were combined, e.g acoustic and meaning of the sentence, it has a reinforcing effect. This reinforcing effect after a combination of different features was also found in previous researches. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The outcome of this research is in accordance with the previous done research that is stated in the introduction. Namely, when multiple characteristics of emotions were combined, e.g acoustic and meaning of the sentence, it has a reinforcing effect. This reinforcing effect after a combination of different features was also found in previous researches. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now lets look back at the problem that was given at the beginning of this reserach: the extreme limited freedom of patients who suffer from ALS. As any human they strive for independence, but this becomes impossible in many cases as the illness develops. Increasing their freedom in any way would be a gift to them. The freedom to express yourself is the main focus of this research. Researches are busy with technology that allows people with ALS to use their own voice with speech technology. This research looks further than using the sound of the voice from people with ALS. By using someone’s own sound the level of animacy would improve a lot, but as this research shows adding acoustic features of emotion to a voice produced by a TTS, will also enhance the level of animacy. Also the perceived likeability when using certain emotions will be increased when implementing the acoustic features. Using these findings in speech technology will allow people with ALS to create a stronger emotional bond through speech with the people surroundig them. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now lets look back at the problem that was given at the beginning of this reserach: the extreme limited freedom of patients who suffer from ALS. As any human they strive for independence, but this becomes impossible in many cases as the illness develops. Increasing their freedom in any way would be a gift to them. The freedom to express yourself is the main focus of this research. Researches are busy with technology that allows people with ALS to use their own voice with speech technology. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(BRON???!!!) </ins>This research looks further than using the sound of the voice from people with ALS. By using someone’s own sound the level of animacy would improve a lot, but as this research shows adding acoustic features of emotion to a voice produced by a TTS, will also enhance the level of animacy. Also the perceived likeability when using certain emotions will be increased when implementing the acoustic features. Using these findings in speech technology will allow people with ALS to create a stronger emotional bond through speech with the people surroundig them. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, this implementation might not be that useful for persuasive technology as stated in the introduction. After analysing the results there was no significant difference between using acoustic features of emotions or not and there was also no large effect. However, the concept of persuasiveness was taken into account for a broader implementation of the findings of this research. This concept is not necesarilly relevant to the issue of ALS. This does not mean that the findings of this research are not relevant for other implementations. When no anatomic features of emotion are available, the combination of acoustic and grammatical features has a positive effect on animacy and likeability. This can be used for social robots that cannot express themselves with mimicry. Examples of these kind of robots are the Nao robot and the Amigo robot. The research that was performed used different parameters to change the voices according to a certain emotion. The Nao robot has the option to change the pitch and the volume of the voice (Aldebaran, 2013). These are both acoustic features of emotion that were also used to create the voices in the conducted research. Besides that, speech rate and pitch variations within sentenes and words were manipulated, but in the explanation of the text to speech program of Nao nothing is said about speed changes. Pitch variations within sentences and words are also not mentioned as an option. This means that Nao can be used to create emotionally loaded sentences, however these sentences will not express the emotion that well as the sentences in this research did, because not all used parameters can be changed for Nao. The aim of Nao can vary a lot. If you know for wich goal it is used, a set of predefined sentences can be programmed that are (partially) adjusted to the right emotion. If improvements of the speech technology of Nao in the future ensure that the changeable parameters are expanded, Nao can become even more appropriate for messaging emotionally loaded sentences. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, this implementation might not be that useful for persuasive technology as stated in the introduction. After analysing the results there was no significant difference between using acoustic features of emotions or not and there was also no large effect. However, the concept of persuasiveness was taken into account for a broader implementation of the findings of this research. This concept is not necesarilly relevant to the issue of ALS. This does not mean that the findings of this research are not relevant for other implementations. When no anatomic features of emotion are available, the combination of acoustic and grammatical features has a positive effect on animacy and likeability. This can be used for social robots that cannot express themselves with mimicry. Examples of these kind of robots are the Nao robot and the Amigo robot. The research that was performed used different parameters to change the voices according to a certain emotion. The Nao robot has the option to change the pitch and the volume of the voice (Aldebaran, 2013). These are both acoustic features of emotion that were also used to create the voices in the conducted research. Besides that, speech rate and pitch variations within sentenes and words were manipulated, but in the explanation of the text to speech program of Nao nothing is said about speed changes. Pitch variations within sentences and words are also not mentioned as an option. This means that Nao can be used to create emotionally loaded sentences, however these sentences will not express the emotion that well as the sentences in this research did, because not all used parameters can be changed for Nao. The aim of Nao can vary a lot. If you know for wich goal it is used, a set of predefined sentences can be programmed that are (partially) adjusted to the right emotion. If improvements of the speech technology of Nao in the future ensure that the changeable parameters are expanded, Nao can become even more appropriate for messaging emotionally loaded sentences. </div></td></tr>
</table>S126005https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Samenvatting&diff=15882&oldid=prevS126005: /* Discussion and conclusion */2014-10-19T11:45:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Discussion and conclusion</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:45, 19 October 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l115">Line 115:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now lets look back at the problem that was given at the beginning of this reserach: the extreme limited freedom of patients who suffer from ALS. As any human they strive for independence, but this becomes impossible in many cases as the illness develops. Increasing their freedom in any way would be a gift to them. The freedom to express yourself is the main focus of this research. Researches are busy with technology that allows people with ALS to use their own voice with speech technology. This research looks further than using the sound of the voice from people with ALS. By using someone’s own sound the level of animacy would improve a lot, but as this research shows adding acoustic features of emotion to a voice produced by a TTS, will also enhance the level of animacy. Also the perceived likeability when using certain emotions will be increased when implementing the acoustic features. Using these findings in speech technology will allow people with ALS to create a stronger emotional bond through speech with the people surroundig them. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now lets look back at the problem that was given at the beginning of this reserach: the extreme limited freedom of patients who suffer from ALS. As any human they strive for independence, but this becomes impossible in many cases as the illness develops. Increasing their freedom in any way would be a gift to them. The freedom to express yourself is the main focus of this research. Researches are busy with technology that allows people with ALS to use their own voice with speech technology. This research looks further than using the sound of the voice from people with ALS. By using someone’s own sound the level of animacy would improve a lot, but as this research shows adding acoustic features of emotion to a voice produced by a TTS, will also enhance the level of animacy. Also the perceived likeability when using certain emotions will be increased when implementing the acoustic features. Using these findings in speech technology will allow people with ALS to create a stronger emotional bond through speech with the people surroundig them. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, this implementation might not be that useful for persuasive technology as stated in the introduction. After analysing the results there was no significant difference between using acoustic features of emotions or not and there was also no large effect. However, the concept of persuasiveness was taken into account for a broader implementation of the findings of this research. This concept is not necesarilly relevant to the issue of ALS. This does not mean that the findings of this research are not relevant for other implementations. When no anatomic features of emotion are available, the combination of acoustic and grammatical features has a positive effect on animacy and likeability. This can be used for social robots that cannot express themselves with mimicry. Examples of these kind of robots are the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NAO </del>robot and the Amigo robot. The research that was performed used different parameters to change the voices according to a certain emotion. The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NAO </del>robot has the option to change the pitch and the volume of the voice (Aldebaran, 2013). These are both acoustic features of emotion that were also used to create the voices in the conducted research. Besides that, speech rate and pitch variations within sentenes and words were manipulated, but in the explanation of the text to speech program of Nao nothing is said about speed changes. Pitch variations within sentences and words are also not mentioned as an option. This means that Nao can be used to create emotionally loaded sentences, however these sentences will not express the emotion that well as the sentences in this research did, because not all used parameters can be changed for Nao. The aim of Nao can vary a lot. If you know for wich goal it is used, a set of predefined sentences can be programmed that are (partially) adjusted to the right emotion. If improvements of the speech technology of Nao in the future ensure that the changeable parameters are expanded, Nao can become even more appropriate for messaging emotionally loaded sentences. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, this implementation might not be that useful for persuasive technology as stated in the introduction. After analysing the results there was no significant difference between using acoustic features of emotions or not and there was also no large effect. However, the concept of persuasiveness was taken into account for a broader implementation of the findings of this research. This concept is not necesarilly relevant to the issue of ALS. This does not mean that the findings of this research are not relevant for other implementations. When no anatomic features of emotion are available, the combination of acoustic and grammatical features has a positive effect on animacy and likeability. This can be used for social robots that cannot express themselves with mimicry. Examples of these kind of robots are the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nao </ins>robot and the Amigo robot. The research that was performed used different parameters to change the voices according to a certain emotion. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nao </ins>robot has the option to change the pitch and the volume of the voice (Aldebaran, 2013). These are both acoustic features of emotion that were also used to create the voices in the conducted research. Besides that, speech rate and pitch variations within sentenes and words were manipulated, but in the explanation of the text to speech program of Nao nothing is said about speed changes. Pitch variations within sentences and words are also not mentioned as an option. This means that Nao can be used to create emotionally loaded sentences, however these sentences will not express the emotion that well as the sentences in this research did, because not all used parameters can be changed for Nao. The aim of Nao can vary a lot. If you know for wich goal it is used, a set of predefined sentences can be programmed that are (partially) adjusted to the right emotion. If improvements of the speech technology of Nao in the future ensure that the changeable parameters are expanded, Nao can become even more appropriate for messaging emotionally loaded sentences. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The second mentioned social robot was Amigo. Amigo uses three text-to-speech programs; one made by Philips, tts of Google, and Ubuntu eSpeak (Voncken, 2013). In eSpeak it is possible to adjust the voice by hand. Parameters that were used in the research, which can also be changed in eSpeak are speech rate and volume (eSpeak, 2007). However these options are only possible for a fragments. It is not possible to change these settings within a sentence or even a word. eSpeak therefore does not contribute to a flexible system that can easily be used for communicating emotional sentences. However, the TTS developed by Philips is already quite advanced. It is possible to select a certain emotion, including sad and exciting. (Philips, 2014) Besides that the speech of Amigo is generated real-time. This means that parts of the sentences are already predefined, but other parts are filled in by Amigo itself. Amigo also has the possibility to choose among multiple sentences for specific situations. (Lunenburg) These two characteristics of the TTS from Philips make Amigo more flexible to use for communicating emotional sentences than Nao. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The second mentioned social robot was Amigo. Amigo uses three text-to-speech programs; one made by Philips, tts of Google, and Ubuntu eSpeak (Voncken, 2013). In eSpeak it is possible to adjust the voice by hand. Parameters that were used in the research, which can also be changed in eSpeak are speech rate and volume (eSpeak, 2007). However these options are only possible for a fragments. It is not possible to change these settings within a sentence or even a word. eSpeak therefore does not contribute to a flexible system that can easily be used for communicating emotional sentences. However, the TTS developed by Philips is already quite advanced. It is possible to select a certain emotion, including sad and exciting. (Philips, 2014) Besides that the speech of Amigo is generated real-time. This means that parts of the sentences are already predefined, but other parts are filled in by Amigo itself. Amigo also has the possibility to choose among multiple sentences for specific situations. (Lunenburg) These two characteristics of the TTS from Philips make Amigo more flexible to use for communicating emotional sentences than Nao. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>S126005https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Samenvatting&diff=15856&oldid=prevS126393: /* Introduction */2014-10-19T11:09:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:09, 19 October 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10">Line 10:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During their illness people who suffer from ALS feel like a prisoner in their own body. Their freedom is decreasing in multiple ways. For example at some point they may not be able to express themselves verbally as the vocal cords are muscles and can stop functioning. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During their illness people who suffer from ALS feel like a prisoner in their own body. Their freedom is decreasing in multiple ways. For example at some point they may not be able to express themselves verbally as the vocal cords are muscles and can stop functioning. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is a team of reseachers (EUAN MacDonald Centre) that that tries to help people with ALS by giving them back their voice. They record the voice of ALS patients prior to the muscle failure, so that those recordings can be used in speech technology. Instead of hearing a computerized sound, ALS patients can hear their own voice when their ability to speak is impaired. This creates a stronger emotional bond between the patient and the loved ones surrounding them. Although such technology <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exists</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the company feels that </del>it can be improved by adding <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">emotions </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the voice recordings</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is a team of reseachers (EUAN MacDonald Centre) that that tries to help people with ALS by giving them back their voice. They record the voice of ALS patients prior to the muscle failure, so that those recordings can be used in speech technology. Instead of hearing a computerized sound, ALS patients can hear their own voice when their ability to speak is impaired. This creates a stronger emotional bond between the patient and the loved ones surrounding them. Although <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they are working on </ins>such technology, it can be <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">further </ins>improved by adding <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">emotion </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a person's own sound</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are researches that have investigated the features of particular emotions (Williams & Stevens, 1972) (Breazeal, 2001) (Bowles & Pauletto, 2010). These findings could be implemented in a speech program to add an emotion to a sentence. Although some emotions were recognized based on those features it was difficult for the sample group to successfully recognize certain emotions like sadness. Other studies came with an explanation for this problem. They state that emotion cannot be recognized by acoustic features alone. Brusso, et al. (2004) say that the combination of acoustic features (pitch, frequency, etc.) and anatomical features (facial expressions) is more effective for the recognition of emotions. Scherer, Ladd, & Silverman (1984) found that the combination of acoustic features and grammatical features is effective. Thus both studies conclude that the combination of multiple characteristics of emotions leads to the correct recognition of a specific emotion. When implementing these findings into a speech program it is not possible to include anatomical features. Nevertheless it is important to find the best possible way for ALS patients to express themselves verbally even though it is only based on acoustic and grammatical features, because it gives them an increased sense of freedom. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are researches that have investigated the features of particular emotions (Williams & Stevens, 1972) (Breazeal, 2001) (Bowles & Pauletto, 2010). These findings could be implemented in a speech program to add an emotion to a sentence. Although some emotions were recognized based on those features it was difficult for the sample group to successfully recognize certain emotions like sadness. Other studies came with an explanation for this problem. They state that emotion cannot be recognized by acoustic features alone. Brusso, et al. (2004) say that the combination of acoustic features (pitch, frequency, etc.) and anatomical features (facial expressions) is more effective for the recognition of emotions. Scherer, Ladd, & Silverman (1984) found that the combination of acoustic features and grammatical features is effective. Thus both studies conclude that the combination of multiple characteristics of emotions leads to the correct recognition of a specific emotion. When implementing these findings into a speech program it is not possible to include anatomical features. Nevertheless it is important to find the best possible way for ALS patients to express themselves verbally even though it is only based on acoustic and grammatical features, because it gives them an increased sense of freedom. </div></td></tr>
</table>S126393https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Samenvatting&diff=15854&oldid=prevS126393: /* Discussion and conclusion */2014-10-19T11:08:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Discussion and conclusion</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:08, 19 October 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The outcome of this research is in accordance with the previous done research that is stated in the introduction. Namely, when multiple characteristics of emotions were combined, e.g acoustic and meaning of the sentence, it has a reinforcing effect. This reinforcing effect after a combination of different features was also found in previous researches. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The outcome of this research is in accordance with the previous done research that is stated in the introduction. Namely, when multiple characteristics of emotions were combined, e.g acoustic and meaning of the sentence, it has a reinforcing effect. This reinforcing effect after a combination of different features was also found in previous researches. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now lets look back at the problem that was given at the beginning of this reserach: the extreme limited freedom of patients who suffer from ALS. As any human they strive for independence, but this becomes impossible in many cases as the illness develops. Increasing their freedom in any way would be a gift to them. The freedom to express yourself is the main focus of this research. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Although </del>technology <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exists </del>that allows people with ALS to use their own voice with speech technology <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(OH JA? HEBBEN WE HIER EEN BRON VAN?), </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">implementation can be improved</del>. By using someone’s own sound the level of animacy would improve a lot, but as this research shows adding acoustic features of emotion to a voice produced by a TTS, will enhance the level of animacy <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as well</del>. Also the perceived likeability when using certain emotions will be increased when implementing the acoustic features. Using these findings in speech technology will allow people with ALS to create a stronger emotional bond through speech with the people surroundig them. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now lets look back at the problem that was given at the beginning of this reserach: the extreme limited freedom of patients who suffer from ALS. As any human they strive for independence, but this becomes impossible in many cases as the illness develops. Increasing their freedom in any way would be a gift to them. The freedom to express yourself is the main focus of this research. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Researches are busy with </ins>technology that allows people with ALS to use their own voice with speech technology<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. This research looks further than using the sound of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">voice from people with ALS</ins>. By using someone’s own sound the level of animacy would improve a lot, but as this research shows adding acoustic features of emotion to a voice produced by a TTS, will <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also </ins>enhance the level of animacy. Also the perceived likeability when using certain emotions will be increased when implementing the acoustic features. Using these findings in speech technology will allow people with ALS to create a stronger emotional bond through speech with the people surroundig them. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, this implementation might not be that useful for persuasive technology as stated in the introduction. After analysing the results there was no significant difference between using acoustic features of emotions or not and there was also no large effect. However, the concept of persuasiveness was taken into account for a broader implementation of the findings of this research. This concept is not necesarilly relevant to the issue of ALS. This does not mean that the findings of this research are not relevant for other implementations. When no anatomic features of emotion are available, the combination of acoustic and grammatical features has a positive effect on animacy and likeability. This can be used for social robots that cannot express themselves with mimicry. Examples of these kind of robots are the NAO robot and the Amigo robot. The research that was performed used different parameters to change the voices according to a certain emotion. The NAO robot has the option to change the pitch and the volume of the voice (Aldebaran, 2013). These are both acoustic features of emotion that were also used to create the voices in the conducted research. Besides that, speech rate and pitch variations within sentenes and words were manipulated, but in the explanation of the text to speech program of Nao nothing is said about speed changes. Pitch variations within sentences and words are also not mentioned as an option. This means that Nao can be used to create emotionally loaded sentences, however these sentences will not express the emotion that well as the sentences in this research did, because not all used parameters can be changed for Nao. The aim of Nao can vary a lot. If you know for wich goal it is used, a set of predefined sentences can be programmed that are (partially) adjusted to the right emotion. If improvements of the speech technology of Nao in the future ensure that the changeable parameters are expanded, Nao can become even more appropriate for messaging emotionally loaded sentences. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, this implementation might not be that useful for persuasive technology as stated in the introduction. After analysing the results there was no significant difference between using acoustic features of emotions or not and there was also no large effect. However, the concept of persuasiveness was taken into account for a broader implementation of the findings of this research. This concept is not necesarilly relevant to the issue of ALS. This does not mean that the findings of this research are not relevant for other implementations. When no anatomic features of emotion are available, the combination of acoustic and grammatical features has a positive effect on animacy and likeability. This can be used for social robots that cannot express themselves with mimicry. Examples of these kind of robots are the NAO robot and the Amigo robot. The research that was performed used different parameters to change the voices according to a certain emotion. The NAO robot has the option to change the pitch and the volume of the voice (Aldebaran, 2013). These are both acoustic features of emotion that were also used to create the voices in the conducted research. Besides that, speech rate and pitch variations within sentenes and words were manipulated, but in the explanation of the text to speech program of Nao nothing is said about speed changes. Pitch variations within sentences and words are also not mentioned as an option. This means that Nao can be used to create emotionally loaded sentences, however these sentences will not express the emotion that well as the sentences in this research did, because not all used parameters can be changed for Nao. The aim of Nao can vary a lot. If you know for wich goal it is used, a set of predefined sentences can be programmed that are (partially) adjusted to the right emotion. If improvements of the speech technology of Nao in the future ensure that the changeable parameters are expanded, Nao can become even more appropriate for messaging emotionally loaded sentences. </div></td></tr>
</table>S126393https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Samenvatting&diff=15823&oldid=prevS125112: /* Introduction */2014-10-17T12:50:22Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:50, 17 October 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Freedom is valuable to humans. It is so important that their right for freedom is protected by the constitution and several human right organizations. Freedom is related to both the physical- and mental state and it can be limited or taken away. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Muscles </del>diseases take away a person’s freedom on a physical level.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Freedom is valuable to humans. It is so important that their right for freedom is protected by the constitution and several human right organizations. Freedom is related to both the physical- and mental state and it can be limited or taken away. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Muscle </ins>diseases take away a person’s freedom on a physical level.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A muscular disease that recently gained more attention is ALS. Mainly because of the ‘ice bucket challenge’ that went all over Facebook. The idea of the campaign was to gain more awareness for this disease so that money would be raised for further research. With ALS the neurons that are responsible for muscles movement will die off over time (Foundation ALS, 2014). Groups of muscles lose their function, because the ronsponsible neurons can no longer send a signal from the brain to the muscles. This process continues until vital muscles, like the muscles that helps a person to breathe, stop functioning. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A muscular disease that recently gained more attention is ALS. Mainly because of the ‘ice bucket challenge’ that went all over Facebook. The idea of the campaign was to gain more awareness for this disease so that money would be raised for further research. With ALS the neurons that are responsible for muscles movement will die off over time (Foundation ALS, 2014). Groups of muscles lose their function, because the ronsponsible neurons can no longer send a signal from the brain to the muscles. This process continues until vital muscles, like the muscles that helps a person to breathe, stop functioning. </div></td></tr>
</table>S125112https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Samenvatting&diff=15814&oldid=prevS121223: /* Discussion and conclusion */2014-10-17T12:30:50Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Discussion and conclusion</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Discussion and conclusion ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Discussion and conclusion ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the results the concept persuasion did not result in a significant difference between the conditions. This can be seen by looking at the high p-value that was found. Besides that the effect size was taken into consideration and this was close to zero. Even after controlling for willingness to adjust showering habits, the effect was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nonsignificant</del>, and the effect size hardly increased.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the results<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>the concept persuasion did not result in a significant difference between the conditions. This can be seen by looking at the high p-value that was found. Besides that<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>the effect size was taken into consideration and this was close to zero. Even after controlling for willingness to adjust showering habits, the effect was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">non-significant</ins>, and the effect size hardly increased.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Likeability also showed a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nonsignificant </del>effect, but in contrast to persuasion a small effect size was found. However, a significant small to medium effect was found in likeability between the conditions when only participants were included that at least heard four out of five positive audiofragments. This makes sense, since likeability is in itself a positive concept. So the more happy a fragment sounds (happy versus neutral), the more likeable it is perceived. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Likeability also showed a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">non-significant </ins>effect, but in contrast to persuasion a small effect size was found. However, a significant small to medium effect was found in likeability between the conditions when only participants were included that at least heard four out of five positive audiofragments. This makes sense, since likeability is in itself a positive concept. So the more happy a fragment sounds (happy versus neutral), the more likeable it is perceived. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Both findings for persuasion and likeability go against the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hypotheses </del>that were formulated in the introduction. This can be explained by several things. At first for persuasion it yields that emotion might not be enough to persuade people into changing their behavior. Some participants gave the feedback that also the content of the sentence is of importance: there must be more information available about the water consumption and constructing arguments should be given. Leaving out information was done deliberately to only focus on the emotional context of the sentence instead of the informational context. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Both findings for persuasion and likeability go against the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hypothesis </ins>that were formulated in the introduction. This can be explained by several things. At first for persuasion it yields that emotion might not be enough to persuade people into changing their behavior. Some participants gave the feedback that also the content of the sentence is of importance: there must be more information available about the water consumption and constructing arguments should be given. Leaving out information was done deliberately to only focus on the emotional context of the sentence instead of the informational context. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For likeability, not controlled for positive fragments, another problem may affect the results. A lot of participants commented that the voice sounded too fake or robotic. It was found that the more human-like a robot is, the more accepted and likeable a robot is (Royakkers et al., 2012). Some participants did not find the used robotic-voice human-like and therefore probably did not find it very <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">likable</del>. However, apparently when mostly positive fragments were heard, the robot was perceived more likeable. So probably the positive fragments sounded more human-like than the negative ones did. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For likeability, not controlled for positive fragments, another problem may affect the results. A lot of participants commented that the voice sounded too fake or robotic. It was found that the more human-like a robot is, the more accepted and likeable a robot is (Royakkers et al., 2012). Some participants did not find the used robotic-voice human-like and therefore probably did not find it very <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">likeable</ins>. However, apparently when mostly positive fragments were heard, the robot was perceived more likeable. So probably the positive fragments sounded more human-like than the negative ones did. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For animacy a significant effect was found between the two conditions. For the condition with emotion the perceived animacy was higher than for the condition without emotion. The effect size indicated that the difference between the two conditions has a medium effect (following the guidelines for a one-way anova, obtained from the Cognition and Brain Science Unit). The finding for animacy was in line with the hypothesis. An emotional voice is perceived more lively than a neutral voice. Animacy was also tested for people who heard at least four positive audio fragments and for people who heard at least four negative fragments. Effect sizes were bigger for both these groups than the effect size of animacy in general. An explanation for this could be that people who heard the same emotions several times were more accustomed to that voice. Therefore they might perceived it more lively because they did not perceive any other voice where they could compare it with. However, these findings were not significant and the question is how realiable they are because the two groups consisted of 24 respectively 10 persons. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For animacy a significant effect was found between the two conditions. For the condition with emotion the perceived animacy was higher than for the condition without emotion. The effect size indicated that the difference between the two conditions has a medium effect (following the guidelines for a one-way anova, obtained from the Cognition and Brain Science Unit). The finding for animacy was in line with the hypothesis. An emotional voice is perceived more lively than a neutral voice. Animacy was also tested for people who heard at least four positive audio fragments and for people who heard at least four negative fragments. Effect sizes were bigger for both these groups than the effect size of animacy in general. An explanation for this could be that people who heard the same emotions several times were more accustomed to that voice. Therefore they might <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have </ins>perceived it more lively because they did not perceive any other voice where they could compare it with. However, these findings were not significant and the question is how realiable they are because the two groups consisted of 24 respectively 10 persons. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Besides previous mentioned issues that can be improved, more improvements can be made. These limitations have an influence on all three measured concepts. To begin, given the time to complete this research, concessions had to be made about the size of the sample groups. According to the prior power analysis, the amount of participants that participated, was only enough to reliably find a medium effect. So to enhance reliability more participants would have been needed. A second problem might be the kind of speech program that was used. It is possible that the difference between the neutral voice and the emotionally loaded voice was somewhat hard to hear. This again decreases the chance of finding an effect. The reason for this is the way the program created the voices. As was stated in the method the spoken text that comes from Acapela is not computer-generated, it is recorded by a human speaker. This is the base for the program. But is it possibe for a person to speak without any kind of emotion? To create a more obvious difference between either a sentence with acoustic features of emotion and without, a solution might be to use a mechanical voice. In the end it was decided not to use that for this research because it is already quite easy for manufacturers of robots and speech-programs to generate a better sounding voice than a robotic voice. The practical application of this research would therefore have decreased if the neutral condition had been a robotic voice.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Besides previous mentioned issues that can be improved, more improvements can be made. These limitations have an influence on all three measured concepts. To begin, given the time to complete this research, concessions had to be made about the size of the sample groups. According to the prior power analysis, the amount of participants that participated, was only enough to reliably find a medium effect. So to enhance reliability more participants would have been needed. A second problem might be the kind of speech program that was used. It is possible that the difference between the neutral voice and the emotionally loaded voice was somewhat hard to hear. This again decreases the chance of finding an effect. The reason for this is the way the program created the voices. As was stated in the method the spoken text that comes from Acapela is not computer-generated, it is recorded by a human speaker. This is the base for the program. But is it possibe for a person to speak without any kind of emotion? To create a more obvious difference between either a sentence with acoustic features of emotion and without, a solution might be to use a mechanical voice. In the end it was decided not to use that for this research because it is already quite easy for manufacturers of robots and speech-programs to generate a better sounding voice than a robotic voice. The practical application of this research would therefore have decreased if the neutral condition had been a robotic voice.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, this implementation might not be that useful for persuasive technology as stated in the introduction. After analysing the results there was no significant difference between using acoustic features of emotions or not and there was also no large effect. However, the concept of persuasiveness was taken into account for a broader implementation of the findings of this research. This concept is not necesarilly relevant to the issue of ALS. This does not mean that the findings of this research are not relevant for other implementations. When no anatomic features of emotion are available, the combination of acoustic and grammatical features has a positive effect on animacy and likeability. This can be used for social robots that cannot express themselves with mimicry. Examples of these kind of robots are the NAO robot and the Amigo robot. The research that was performed used different parameters to change the voices according to a certain emotion. The NAO robot has the option to change the pitch and the volume of the voice (Aldebaran, 2013). These are both acoustic features of emotion that were also used to create the voices in the conducted research. Besides that, speech rate and pitch variations within sentenes and words were manipulated, but in the explanation of the text to speech program of Nao nothing is said about speed changes. Pitch variations within sentences and words are also not mentioned as an option. This means that Nao can be used to create emotionally loaded sentences, however these sentences will not express the emotion that well as the sentences in this research did, because not all used parameters can be changed for Nao. The aim of Nao can vary a lot. If you know for wich goal it is used, a set of predefined sentences can be programmed that are (partially) adjusted to the right emotion. If improvements of the speech technology of Nao in the future ensure that the changeable parameters are expanded, Nao can become even more appropriate for messaging emotionally loaded sentences. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, this implementation might not be that useful for persuasive technology as stated in the introduction. After analysing the results there was no significant difference between using acoustic features of emotions or not and there was also no large effect. However, the concept of persuasiveness was taken into account for a broader implementation of the findings of this research. This concept is not necesarilly relevant to the issue of ALS. This does not mean that the findings of this research are not relevant for other implementations. When no anatomic features of emotion are available, the combination of acoustic and grammatical features has a positive effect on animacy and likeability. This can be used for social robots that cannot express themselves with mimicry. Examples of these kind of robots are the NAO robot and the Amigo robot. The research that was performed used different parameters to change the voices according to a certain emotion. The NAO robot has the option to change the pitch and the volume of the voice (Aldebaran, 2013). These are both acoustic features of emotion that were also used to create the voices in the conducted research. Besides that, speech rate and pitch variations within sentenes and words were manipulated, but in the explanation of the text to speech program of Nao nothing is said about speed changes. Pitch variations within sentences and words are also not mentioned as an option. This means that Nao can be used to create emotionally loaded sentences, however these sentences will not express the emotion that well as the sentences in this research did, because not all used parameters can be changed for Nao. The aim of Nao can vary a lot. If you know for wich goal it is used, a set of predefined sentences can be programmed that are (partially) adjusted to the right emotion. If improvements of the speech technology of Nao in the future ensure that the changeable parameters are expanded, Nao can become even more appropriate for messaging emotionally loaded sentences. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The second mentioned social robot was Amigo. Amigo uses three text-to-speech programs; one made by Philips, tts of Google, and Ubuntu eSpeak (Voncken, 2013). In eSpeak it is possible to adjust the voice by hand. Parameters that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </del>used in the research, which can also be changed in eSpeak are<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; </del>speech rate and volume (eSpeak, 2007). However these options are only possible for a fragments. It is not possible to change these settings within a sentence or even a word. eSpeak therefore does not contribute to a flexible system that can easily be used for communicating emotional sentences. However, the TTS developed by Philips is already quite advanced. It is possible to select a certain emotion, including sad and exciting. (Philips, 2014) Besides that the speech of Amigo is generated real-time. This means that parts of the sentences are already predefined, but other parts are filled in by Amigo itself. Amigo also has the possibility to choose among multiple sentences for specific situations. (Lunenburg) These two characteristics of the TTS from Philips make Amigo more flexible to use for communicating emotional sentences than Nao. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The second mentioned social robot was Amigo. Amigo uses three text-to-speech programs; one made by Philips, tts of Google, and Ubuntu eSpeak (Voncken, 2013). In eSpeak it is possible to adjust the voice by hand. Parameters that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were </ins>used in the research, which can also be changed in eSpeak are speech rate and volume (eSpeak, 2007). However these options are only possible for a fragments. It is not possible to change these settings within a sentence or even a word. eSpeak therefore does not contribute to a flexible system that can easily be used for communicating emotional sentences. However, the TTS developed by Philips is already quite advanced. It is possible to select a certain emotion, including sad and exciting. (Philips, 2014) Besides that the speech of Amigo is generated real-time. This means that parts of the sentences are already predefined, but other parts are filled in by Amigo itself. Amigo also has the possibility to choose among multiple sentences for specific situations. (Lunenburg) These two characteristics of the TTS from Philips make Amigo more flexible to use for communicating emotional sentences than Nao. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Overall the findings of this research are useful to increase perceived animacy and likeability of robots. At this moment applicability of the research depends on the kind of robot that is used, including its technical capabilities and purpose. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Overall the findings of this research are useful to increase perceived animacy and likeability of robots. At this moment applicability of the research depends on the kind of robot that is used, including its technical capabilities and purpose. </div></td></tr>
</table>S121223https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Samenvatting&diff=15810&oldid=prevS121223: /* Resultaten */2014-10-17T12:12:58Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Resultaten</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:12, 17 October 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Resultaten ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Resultaten ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As stated in the introduction three concepts of perception <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </del>used for this <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reserach</del>: persuasion, likeability and animacy. The scales for these concepts were tested on <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">realibility </del>by calculating Cronbach's alpha. These values were respectively 0.85, 0.89, and 0.85.The concepts will be discussed in the given order. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As stated in the introduction three concepts of perception <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were </ins>used for this <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">research</ins>: persuasion, likeability and animacy. The scales for these concepts were tested on <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reliability </ins>by calculating Cronbach's alpha. These values were respectively 0.85, 0.89, and 0.85.The concepts will be discussed in the given order. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To test whether persuasion of the voice is perceived differently between both conditions an ANOVA was performed. This resulted in p = 0.96, and <math>\eta ^2</math> = 0.00003. A graphical representation of this test can be seen in figure 1. The y-axis represents a 5-point Lickert scale, that is encoded from -2 (totally disagree) to +2 (totally agree). Zero means neutral. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To test whether persuasion of the voice is perceived differently between both conditions<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>an ANOVA was performed. This resulted in p = 0.96, and <math>\eta ^2</math> = 0.00003. A graphical representation of this test can be seen in figure 1. The y-axis represents a 5-point Lickert scale, that is encoded from -2 (totally disagree) to +2 (totally agree). Zero means neutral. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After this, a second test was done in which participants were only included if they said that they are willing to adjust their showering habits. In this case the p-value was 0.95, and <math>\eta ^2</math> = 0.00005. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After this, a second test was done in which participants were only included if they said that they are willing to adjust their showering habits. In this case the p-value was 0.95, and <math>\eta ^2</math> = 0.00005. </div></td></tr>
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