PRE2020 3 Group8: Difference between revisions
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''' | ''' Needs ''' | ||
Two needs arise from the problem statement above. Firstly, to reduce biases in the decision-making process due to falsely remembered memories, people need to be provided with an objective summary of their past events. Secondly, the net amount (both intensity and frequency) of negative emotions and lack of motivation experienced due to a lack of social interaction must be decreased to fill the lack of external motivation. | Two needs arise from the problem statement above. Firstly, to reduce biases in the decision-making process due to falsely remembered memories, people need to be provided with an objective summary of their past events. Secondly, the net amount (both intensity and frequency) of negative emotions and lack of motivation experienced due to a lack of social interaction must be decreased to fill the lack of external motivation. | ||
Revision as of 11:57, 12 February 2021
Group description
Abstract
A pure software end-user application that supports people in their need to socialize while motivating self-improvement. Anthropomorphism is intentionally used to increase user commitment and experience. Machine learning techniques are used to process user's data and provide feedback, and to facilitate the anthropomorphized interface.
Conceptualized Idea
Hypothetical idea: A webpage/application, that will motivate its users into a more (mentally) healthy way of living life. The user can put in any preferences to be motivated on and set its own goals. Numeric data of the user will be tracked in a communicative way rather than filling in forms, is stored and compared to older data, and reflection of this comparison will be given in a personalized way back to the user.
On this page, the concept of this motivating coaching system will be presented. This system combines specialized monitored and self-measured data from its user with individual and reference knowledge to give its users an overview (and recommendations). The system will keep track of one’s daily life structure, translate and summarize the numerical input into recommendations in a continuous personalized motivating coaching dialogue taking into account the needs and preferences of each user individually.
Members
(in alphabetical order):
- Edwin Steenkamer (1006712)
- Emi Kuijpers (1227154)
- Fanni Egresits
- Morris Boers (1253107)
- Lulof Pirée (1363638)
Task division
Machine Learning: Lulof & Edwin
User Interface: Morris
User-centered design: Emi & Fanni
GitHub Page:
Logbook
See the page logbook_group_8
Problem statement and objectives
Problem Statement
Often loneliness is associated with elderly people living unintentionally in social isolation due to unfortunate circumstances. However, the reality is that loneliness is experienced by all ages and almost all humans. [1] Humans are social animals [2] ), and we humans influence each other by merely existing together. Loneliness is seen as a severe public health issue due to its association to increased risk of morbidity and mortality [3]. A study by Luhmann & Hawkley [4] suggests that the prevalence rates of loneliness are highest for young adults (<30 years).
Loneliness can best be stated as the perceived discrepancy between the desired amount and the actual perceived amount and quality of social communication and relationships. [5] Both physical, as well as mental health and overall well-being, can suffer from this. With less social relationships, less comparison and facilitation from others will influence a person's behaviour and motivation, leading to a decrease in general motivation.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, many people are forced to stay at home [6]. These restrictions also cause personal trainers, dieticians, and other employees that help people engage in a more healthy lifestyle to be unable to work with the normal citizen. However, at this very moment, people must maintain a healthy lifestyle. Exercising and healthy lifestyles increase at the beginning of covid. After the restrictions aimed at minimizing the risk of local transmission of SARS-CoV-2 got stricter, it is more likely that this leads to reductions in physical activity. [7] Therefore, it is necessary to find other ways to externally motivate people to maintain a healthy lifestyle independent of other people's motivation.
Besides the external motivation that humans get from other people, we also can motivate ourselves. People have a very complex decision-making process, and not always the rationally right decision is chosen for a particular event or action. Heuristics are used as a mental shortcut to make decisions and are simplifications. These can occasionally lead to systematic flaws and errors, which are deviations from the normative decision-making model, known as biases.
One of these biases is overconfidence, a bias during interpreting and assessing information, the second step in the decision-making process. People are often biased in their confidence concerning the hypothesis they have brought in their working memory, believing that they are more correct more often than they actually are. For example, if people would have to report how much they ran during a jog, they will most likely unconsciously overestimate themselves. [8]
There is also the psychological phenomenon called planning fallacy, where people underestimate the time it will take to complete a future task. [9] Combining this will optimism bias, which explains our tendency to overestimate the likelihood of experiencing positive events and underestimate the occurrence of negative events. The human mind can sometimes be a dangerous decision-making toolbox to rely on.
Using this system, the data gathered from the user will serve as a toolbox. They can be seen as an extended memory that provides the user with statistically true information so decisions will be made taking into account actual statistics, rather than only the estimations and thoughts humans have left of past events. In this way, users will be calibrated towards the truth and rely less on decisions made while possibly be biased.
Needs
Two needs arise from the problem statement above. Firstly, to reduce biases in the decision-making process due to falsely remembered memories, people need to be provided with an objective summary of their past events. Secondly, the net amount (both intensity and frequency) of negative emotions and lack of motivation experienced due to a lack of social interaction must be decreased to fill the lack of external motivation.
Goals
To reach the needs stated above, the software application has two main requirements:
- Firstly, the system's main aim is to provide users with insight in parts of their behavioural patterns that are unknown to them. Humans tend to rely heavily on their intuitions, which can often strongly deviate from its true value. The system will serve as a non-biased evaluation tool, which will result in the user discovering behavioural patterns after a fixed period based on their objective data, rather than intuitions and memory.
- Secondly, to increase the motivation of the user to put in data, and to enhance positive changes in behavioural patterns, anthropomorphic features will be used while designing the system. Using a human-like question generator to let the user put in data rather than a non-interactive (for example, a questionnaire), the user will perceive a need to answer the system rather than merely filling in the data. The aim here is to increase motivation and overall well-being by presenting the data's reflection in a personalized way.
Beyond the scope
The following features are probably valuable additions to the product, but they are beyond the scope of what can be achieved in one quartile:
- Voice recognition, natural language text inputs (natural language processing is too much to add within the given timespan)
- Animated anthropomorphized interface (e.g. simulated face)
User description
Primary Target Audience
The application will be designed to be used by technology-oriented adults (mainly focusing on minus 30 years), who interact with computers and smartphones on a daily basis. The main target for this system are students who spend most of their time alone in their student accommodation. This can both be due to contemporary COVID-19 pandemic stay-at-home regulations, but also for users who live abroad for a short time, for example.
The focus will also be on people who want to improve their daily structure and overall well-being in any way but have no idea what would be best for them. Therefore, the system will provide its user with objective data to discover clear behavioural patterns that might have lead to certain events. Users are more extensively described at the user analysis-section. %refer to user analysis on the wiki. If wiki still unavailable, delete sentence. The application will likely not be suitable for children due to its design constraints, or for elderly people who are not technology-oriented and adapted to new technologies.
User requirements
To engage positive behaviour in people using an AI application, an accessible and practical user-interface is critical. An irresponsive, unintuitive or unfinished interface may discourage users from using the application, let alone be positively nudged by the application. Users need to perceive social engagement and be positively motivated by the system to change its behaviour.
Approach, milestones and deliverables
Milestones
The project milestones are divided into two main parts: The system's software and the user-centred design. Both are divided into four subparts.
User-centered Design
Target User-perspective: Human-Centered design
- Perform user analysis
- Describe the potential main users and their needs
- Provide several persona scenario's.
- Define boundaries for user requirements
- Research needs to be conducted on how different system features will motivate its users and trigger them to change their behaviour in a non-intrusive, engaging way.
- Secondary end-users and stakeholders (developers, the scientific community) need to be defined and described.
Potential Ethical Threats
- Negative anthropomorphism: By adding human-like features to non-human agents, it is essential to consider possible threats of cognitive deception. The user must be (and stay) aware that the responses are computationally generated.
- Paternalism: The system is designed to provide its user's insight into their behaviour and motivate them objectively to make positive changes. Hence, the system is deliberately nudging the user. A sufficient amount of care must be taken not to exploit this capability to act against the user's interest.
- Intruding one's privacy: Research has to be investigated to find an optimum amount of tradeoff between the user trusting the system enough to give a sufficient amount of data without negatively intruding the user.
Comparative advantage and improving Quality of life of its users
- Essence and uniqueness of the project need to be defined.
- Describe current state-of-the-art, combining it with essence and uniqueness to state comparative advantages.
- Define the actual perceived gain of the end-user.
Economical value
In this section, the preferences of the given users are described that determine the economical value of our product. This can be defined by a survey/questionnaire or by market-research.The economical value of the product is the benefit that the costumers receive from the usage of the AI software. In the case of the specific device we develop, this could be the motivation, joy, health,fun..etc. This value is not an objective characteristic, but rather subjective, since it differs by its user's needs and expectations. Because of this diversity, our proposal is a survey conduction before the start of the program to collect enough information for a fully personalized service. On this way, the economical value to the customers (EVC) can be determined the the market price of the software can be quantified. \\ After the market-research, we plan to create a competitor-analysis which helps us to see which additional tools we need to implement and what the essence and uniqueness our product could be compare to our competitors. This step will also help us to narrow or extend the list of stakeholders we want to approach. This information will enable us to create a value network,a cash-flow for the upcoming semester and to develop a business plan.
Software milestones
Startup
- Research what technologies are feasible to implement, and potentially applicable to reach the requirements
- Division in modules with (relatively) independent functions that can be developed and tested independently
- Create specific requirements for different modules
- Create designs for various modules
- Define interfaces between modules
2. \textit{Rough Scattered Prototype}
\begin{itemize}
\item A functional yet limited user interface is present, without taking into account human factors design. \item Working content-generating networks have been implemented, but the output does not yet need to be fine-tuned or adaptive to input \end{itemize}
3. \textit{Connected Prototype}
\begin{itemize} \item A basic database is operational \item The interface can accept inputs, pass the input information to the database. Human factor design will be implemented into the interface. \item The decoder can read the database and generate output in the UI. The output does not yet need to be perfectly adjusted to the database’s content. \item The Question-generator can generate output to be displayed in the UI \end{itemize}
\textit{4. Rough Complete Prototype} \begin{itemize} \item Users are able to select which variables will be logged. \item Users are able to delete data \item Users can request transparency of the data gathered (whether this is just a textual description, direct access to the database, or otherwise) \item The Question-generator produces human-like questions that align with the input fields \item The decoder produces outputs that correctly reflect nontrivial information in the database. \end{itemize}
Literature Review (separate file)
Due to bugs in the installation of the LaTeX engine of the wiki, mathematical expressions cannot be shown here. See the following Overleaf file for the literature review, and references: Literature review Overleaf file.
Overview
Work-in-progress-page
See the page WIP group 8 for an actively edited file of notes.
User guide
TODO...
Software documentation
TODO...
References
- ↑ Hammond, C., Qualter, P., Victor, C., & Barretto, M. (2018). Who feels lonely? The results of the world's largest loneliness study.
- ↑ Baumeister, R. F. & Bushman, B. J. (2008), Social Psychology and Human Nature. 2nd edition, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 436-441
- ↑ Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2018). The growing problem of loneliness. Lancet, 391, 426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30142-9
- ↑ Luhmann, M., & Hawkley, L. C. (2016). Age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age. Developmental psychology, 52(6), 943.
- ↑ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2020). Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: Opportunities for the health care system. National Academies Press.
- ↑ https://www.government.nl/topics/coronavirus-covid-19/tackling-new-coronavirus-in-the-netherlands
- ↑ Chen P, Mao L, Nassis GP, Harmer P, Ainsworth BE, Fuzhong L. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity taking precautions. J Sport Health Sci 2020;9(2):103–4. doi: 10.1016/j. jshs.2020.02.001.
- ↑ Lee, J. D., Wickens, C. D., Liu, Y., & Boyle, L. N. (2017). Designing for people: An introduction to human factors engineering. CreateSpace.
- ↑ Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Peetz, J. (2010). The planning fallacy: Cognitive, motivational, and social origins. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 43, pp. 1-62). Academic Press.