PRE2020 3 Group5

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Emergency Drone

Group Members

Name Student ID Department Email address
Pepijn Hundepool 1427520 Mechanical Engineering p.c.j.hundepool@student.tue.nl
Lucas Commissaris 1451065 Mechanical Engineering l.f.h.commissaris@student.tue.nl
Sven Passier 1448781 Mechanical Engineering s.w.l.passier@student.tue.nl
Bram van den Buijs 1464647 Applied Physics b.v.d.buijs@student.tue.nl
Stijn Borgers 1495968 Applied Physics s.borgers@student.tue.nl

Problem statement and objectives

The popularity and usage of compact unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), better known as drones, has been increasing radically over the past few years [1]. For only a rather small amount of money, you can already get yourself a drone with some basic abilities. Besides the consumer usage (e.g. hobbyists), the majority of the drone market is represented by military purposes, while commercial users form the remaining sector. This latter group contains for instance drones with purposes for 3D mapping, delivery, inspections, data transmissions, and video collection. Although this group represents the least percentage of sales of the aforementioned sectors, the revenue value in 2016 was about 60 percent more than the one following from commercial purchases. This phenomenom is mainly caused by the fact that price tags of about $100,000 are no exception in such industries.

A sector that does not really match the term 'comercially' as it regards the type of institution, but does regarding the production price tag are drones used by governmental bodies. In specific it concerns departments that are of key-importance in emergeny situations, with the three most central ones being respectively the police, firefighting and medical (ambulance) departments. In these departments, try-outs and permanent involvements of drones become more and more part of the job [2]. However, since these drones often include high-advanced technologies, their production costs can rise to serious heights. A proper police drone for example lies in the purchasing range from $50,00 to $200,000 [3].

This project aims to develop a new type of drone, which will be able to carry out tasks for more than one of these departments. Roughly sketched, this will result in a drone with a range of standard functions, on which a specific variation of equipment can be (de)attached. This multifunctional drone will have multiple benefits over the development of drones that are specified per department. The most important one, as already indicated in the foregoing, will be the cost-effectiveness. This would for example be benefitial for regions that might lack budget to invest in innovative technologies such as drones, but still strive to develop the implementation of high-tech equipment in their daily work. A second benefit, partially cohesive with the previous one, is that drones can be used more efficiently at for instance an incident or natural disaster, where often more than one department is providing assistance. Since the equipment can be varied for multiple departments, different tasks can be executed with the same drone. As a result, when at a certain moment in time a department is not using their drone(s), other departments can make use of it instead.


(Current version: These will be further elaborated on)

The objectives of our project are to deliver:

- A CAD-design for the emergency drone (with specific materials)

- A FEM-analysis of the designed emergency drone

- Creating a controller (weather conditions and stability)

- Primary user's viewpoint research (to be formulated differently)


To be added sources

[1] https://www.toptal.com/finance/market-research-analysts/drone-market

[2] https://www.politie.nl/nieuws/2020/november/16/00-nieuwe-drones-voor-politietaken.html

[3] https://www.meritalk.com/articles/government-saves-time-money-with-drones/

Sources

Sven: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Lucas: [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

Bram: [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]

Stijn: [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]

Pepijn: [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]


User, Society and Enterprise

Users

The primary users of the emergency drones are the civil servants that work in the fire, police and medical department. To be more specific: within the fire department the drone will be used to assist in extinguishing fires and as a fire-reconnaissance tool, within the police department it will be used for surveillance and as a criminal-reconnaissance tool and finally within the medical department the drone will be used for the transport of goods between hospitals and between hospital and civilian who makes the emergency call.

The secondary users are all civilians. Civilians could be trapped inside a burning building, they could be under surveillance, they could be in a hospital with the need for a certain essential good like blood or they could be in need of an AED to revive someone. In all these cases, civilians are on the receiving end of a emergency drone.

Questionnaire

To confirm some of our speculations on the user needs we send out a questionnaire to a variety of stakeholders. We asked a few questions about technical specifications and how drones could be used best. We also asked them about their attitude towards the implementation of drones into their work to confirm the usefulness of our project. To have a more in-depth understanding of certain technical difficulties and choices, we (tried to) interviewed someone from one of the three different sectors.

QUESTIONNAIRSESES

INTERVIEW QUESITONS

General: Would you like to see drones with a significant different appearance then commercial drones? Would transporting equipment be useful? Which equipment? How much should a drone be able to carry? What type of drone would be useful? a quadcopter, a fixed wing drone, and a hybridcopter (which is a combination of both)? Are there any prerequisites in the specs of the camera? How can your drones be improved? Do you have any other ideas of where a drones could be used to assist you in the sector?

Fire: Drones are not used to extinguish fires. Why? Do you think it is possible? Maybe even autonomously? In which range of fires do you see a drone being deployed? Is it useful to deploy a drone for all types of fire?

Medical: Would it be useful to transport between hospitals using drones? for example blood. or from Sanquin? Would transporting an AED with a drone be useful for emergency calls? (90% ) equipment examples: vaccin organs antidotes first-aid-kit


Police: Do you see drones being used to do active crowd management? Would it be useful to have a drones pursue suspects?


Society

There are different stakeholders to be considered for the influence of the society. The government is a major stakeholder, because of the legislation of drones for emergencies usage. Animal rights and environmental organizations have a large interest in maintaining and/or improving the current situation. The drone technology could be dangerous and do damage to society. The flying stakeholder who are using the airspace now must be taken into account, like bird, planes or other drones.

The effect on society would be beneficial on a great scale. (source with death due to cardiac arrest). When drones could deliver an AED within 6 minutes, the survival changes would increase significantly. Other medical usage could be the transport of blood or organs. Not only transport of equipment, but also for investigation for the fire and police departments. All of this would increase the safety and save precious time.

The secondary users, the general people, have according to our questionnaire and other sources …. (safety (own safety, hacking), privacy, noise)

Enterprise

In order to realize emergency drones, the product needs to be produced by a technology company. This company will only build, deliver, and repair these drones. The company will work closely together with a government agency. This agency will be responsible for the usage and quality of the drones, after they have been bought from the drone company. A close cooperation between both stakeholders will lead to an better end product.

Whenever an accident happens due to a drone or due to the usage of an drone, this government agency can be hold responsible. The agency will have to test each drone thoroughly, to limit the risks of accidents. The government agency will also be ultimately responsible for the usage of data gathered by drones. The government agency will have to check at police, medical and fire departments how they deal with the information and data form the drones and if all drone deployment regulations are complied. The relation between the agency and the departments could be seen as principal-agent relationship.

When civilians have an unpleasant experience with the usage of drones by a police, medical or fire department or when they simply feel disturbed by the usage of drones in general, the government agency should be contacted. The agency should write a simply report about each of these complains. The agency should also have the tools to track down the specific drone and flightpath, to see if any regulations on drone deployment where infringed.

Planning milestones

In the figure below a planning of the project can be seen.

The planning for the project.

Workload

Here an overview is given of what everyone has done per week.

Week 1

Name Student ID Hours worked Tasks done
Pepijn Hundepool 1427520 9 Intro videos + conference (1h), First meeting (1.5h), Meeting to choose subject's direction (1.5h), Studied and wrote summaries for papers (5h): [21], [22], [23], [24], [25]
Lucas Commissaris 1451065 10 Intro videos + conference (1h), First meeting (1.5h), Meeting to choose subject's direction (1.5h), Studied and wrote summaries for papers (6h): [6], [7], [8], [9], [10].
Sven Passier 1448781 Intro videos + conference (1h), First meeting (1.5h), Meeting to choose subject's direction (1.5h), Studied and wrote summaries for papers: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].
Bram van den Buijs 1464647 Intro videos + conference (1h), First meeting (1.5h), Meeting to choose subject's direction (1.5h), Studied and wrote summaries for papers: [11], [12], [13], [14], [15].
Stijn Borgers 1495968 9 Intro videos + conference (1h), First meeting (1.5h), Meeting to choose subject's direction (1.5h), Studied and wrote summaries for papers (5h): [16], [17], [18], [19], [20].

Week 2

Name Student ID Hours worked Tasks done
Pepijn Hundepool 1427520 8,5 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h), Meeting with the group for setting up user needs (3h), Coming up with questions (2h), Another meeting with the group for setting up survey (3h)
Lucas Commissaris 1451065 8,5 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h), Meeting with the group for setting up user needs (3h), Coming up with questions (2h), Another meeting with the group for setting up survey (3h)
Sven Passier 1448781 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h), Meeting with the group for setting up user needs (3h), Another meeting with the group for setting up survey (3h)
Bram van den Buijs 1464647 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h), Meeting with the group for setting up user needs (3h), Another meeting with the group for setting up survey (3h)
Stijn Borgers 1495968 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h), Meeting with the group for setting up user needs (3h), Another meeting with the group for setting up survey (3h)

Week 3

Name Student ID Hours worked Tasks done
Pepijn Hundepool 1427520 7 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h), Setup technical specifications of a firefighting drone (1.5h), Group meetings (3h), Editing planning and wiki (2h)
Lucas Commissaris 1451065 12,5 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h), Looking for contact information of the respective departments (2h), Finishing up survey and sending it (3,5h), Group meetings (3h), Problem statement and objectives (3,5h)
Sven Passier 1448781 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h), Setup technical specifications of a police drone (...h), Group meetings (3h)
Bram van den Buijs 1464647 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h), Setup technical specifications of a medical drone (...h), Group meetings (3h)
Stijn Borgers 1495968 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h), Finishing up survey and sending it (...h), Group meetings (3h)

Week 4

Name Student ID Hours worked Tasks done
Pepijn Hundepool 1427520 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h)
Lucas Commissaris 1451065 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h)
Sven Passier 1448781 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h)
Bram van den Buijs 1464647 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h)
Stijn Borgers 1495968 Tutor feedback meeting (0,5h)

Week 5

Name Student ID Hours worked Tasks done
Pepijn Hundepool 1427520
Lucas Commissaris 1451065
Sven Passier 1448781
Bram van den Buijs 1464647
Stijn Borgers 1495968

Week 6

Name Student ID Hours worked Tasks done
Pepijn Hundepool 1427520
Lucas Commissaris 1451065
Sven Passier 1448781
Bram van den Buijs 1464647
Stijn Borgers 1495968

Week 7

Name Student ID Hours worked Tasks done
Pepijn Hundepool 1427520
Lucas Commissaris 1451065
Sven Passier 1448781
Bram van den Buijs 1464647
Stijn Borgers 1495968

Week 8

Name Student ID Hours worked Tasks done
Pepijn Hundepool 1427520
Lucas Commissaris 1451065
Sven Passier 1448781
Bram van den Buijs 1464647
Stijn Borgers 1495968

Appendix

This contains supplementary material for the text.

A. Consent Form

Information form for participants

This study is performed by Sven Passier, Pepijn Hundepool, Bram van den Buijs, Lucas Commissaris and Stijn Borgers students under the supervision of Elena Torta of the Control System Technology group at Eindhoven University of Technology.

Before participating, you should understand the procedure followed in this study, and give your informed consent for voluntary participation. Please read this page carefully.


About this study

The goal of this study is to examine what the requirements of (insert user) would be for a drone that could assist them in an emergency situation. You are asked to fill in the survey with questions about the functions of such a drone.

This study will take less than 5 minutes to complete and does not involve any risks.


Voluntary Participation

Your participation is completely voluntary. You can stop participation at any time. You can also withdraw your permission to use your data up to after completing this survey.


Confidentiality and use, storage, and sharing of data

This study has been approved by Elena Torta, teacher of the bachelor course Robots Everywhere of Eindhoven University of Technology. In this study experimental data will be stored. The anonymized dataset that, to the best of our knowledge and ability will not contain information that can identify you, will be used in this research and stored on a TU/e OneDrive account.


Further information

If you want more information about this study, the study design, or the results, you can contact Stijn Borgers (contact email: s.borgers@student.tue.nl). You can report irregularities related to scientific integrity to confidential advisors of the TU/e, whose contact information can be found on www.tue.nl.


Certificate of consent

By starting this study, I indicate that I have read and understood the study procedure, and I agree to voluntarily participate.


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 [1] Kardasz, P., & Doskocz, J. (2016). Drones and Possibilities of Their Using. Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 6(3), 1–7.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 [2] Hassanalian, M., & Abdelkefi, A. (2017). Classifications, applications, and design challenges of drones: A review. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 91, 99–131.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 [3] Rao, B., Gopi, A. G., & Maione, R. (2016). The societal impact of commercial drones. Technology in Society, 45, 83–90.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 [4] Zhang, J., Hu, J., Lian, J., Fan, Z., Ouyang, X., & Ye, W. (2016). Seeing the forest from drones: Testing the potential of lightweight drones as a tool for long-term forest monitoring. Biological Conservation, 198, 60–69.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 [5] Balasingam, M. (2017). Drones in medicine-The rise of the machines. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 71(9), e12989.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 [6] Capucci, A., Aschieri, D., Piepoli, M. F., Bardy, G. H., Iconomu, E., & Arvedi, M. (2002). Tripling Survival From Sudden Cardiac Arrest Via Early Defibrillation Without Traditional Education in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Circulation, 106(9), 1065–1070.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 [7] Hoz, S. S., Aljuboori, Z. S., Dolachee, A. A., Al-Sharshahi, Z. F., Alrawi, M. A., & Al-Smaysim, A. M. (2020). Fatal Penetrating Head Injuries Caused by Projectile Tear Gas Canisters. World Neurosurgery, 138, e119–e123.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 [8] Kuprin, D. S. (2017). Physical–chemical explanation of fire-fighting efficiency of FHF (fast-hardening foam) based on structured silica particles. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 81(1), 36–41.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 [9] Schlag, C. (2013). The New Privacy Battle: How the Expanding Use of Drones Continues to Erode Our Concept of Privacy and Privacy Rights. Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law and Policy, 13(2), 1–23.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 [10] Hashemi, S. R., Esmaeeli, R., Aliniagerdroudbari, H., Alhadri, M., Alshammari, H., Mahajan, A., & Farhad, S. (2019). New Intelligent Battery Management System for Drones. Volume 6: Energy, 1–7.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 [11] Aydin, B. (2019). Public acceptance of drones: Knowledge, attitudes, and practice. Technology in Society, 59, 101180.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 [12] Sherstjuk, V., Zharikova, M., & Sokol, I. (2018). Forest Fire-Fighting Monitoring System Based on UAV Team and Remote Sensing. 2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO), 663–668.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 [13] Merkert, R., & Bushell, J. (2020). Managing the drone revolution: A systematic literature review into the current use of airborne drones and future strategic directions for their effective control. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101929.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 [14] Rosser, J. C., Vignesh, V., Terwilliger, B. A., & Parker, B. C. (2018). Surgical and Medical Applications of Drones: A Comprehensive Review. JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 22(3), e2018.00018.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 [15] EUCHI, J. (2020). Do drones have a realistic place in a pandemic fight for delivering medical supplies in healthcare systems problems? Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 1–9.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 [16] Floreano, D., & Wood, R. J. (2015). Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones. Nature, 521(7553), 460–466.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 [17] Khan, M. N. H., & Neustaedter, C. (2019). An Exploratory Study of the Use of Drones for Assisting Firefighters During Emergency Situations. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–14.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 [18] Restas, A. (2015). Drone Applications for Supporting Disaster Management. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 03(03), 316–321.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 [19] Liu, Z., Kim, A. K., & Carpenter, D. (2007). A study of portable water mist fire extinguishers used for extinguishment of multiple fire types. Fire Safety Journal, 42(1), 25–42.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 [20] Aydin, B., Selvi, E., Tao, J., & Starek, M. J. (2019). Use of Fire-Extinguishing Balls for a Conceptual System of Drone-Assisted Wildfire Fighting. Drones, 3(1), 17–32.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 [21] Moore, J. (2013). U.S. Patent No. 2013/0134254. Maryland
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 [22] W, G.Y. & K, K.W. (2019). U.S. Patent No. 10,413,763. Korea
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 [23] Anania, E. C., Rice, S., Pierce, M., Winter, S. R., Capps, J., Walters, N. W., & Milner, M. N. (2019). Public support for police drone missions depends on political affiliation and neighborhood demographics. Technology in Society, 57, 95–103.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 [24] Feeney, Matthew, Surveillance Takes Wing: Privacy in the Age of Police Drones (December 13, 2016). Cato Institute Policy Analysis No. 807, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2919439
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 [25] Manjikian, M. & Army War College (U.S.). (2017). A Typology of Arguments about Drone Ethics. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press.
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