PRE2019 3 Group17: Difference between revisions

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== Group Members ==
== Group ==
=== Team Members ===
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== Work Breakdown & Task Division ==
=== Time Sheets ===
[[File:43020.PNG]]


=== Work Hour Breakdown ===
=== Peer Review ===
[[File:Workload3.PNG]]
Will be added later


== Problem Statement and Objectives ==
== Project Goal ==
=== The Problem ===
One of the great benefits of the coral reef is that in case of natural hazards, such as coastal storms, the reef on average can reduce the wave energies by 97% (Ferrario, 2014). Meaning that it can prevent storms and flooding and thus protect the coastal inhabitants. Since roughly 40% of the world’s population is located within a range of 100 km from the coast (Ferrario, 2014), protecting the coral reef will result in a reduction of a great amount of damage. This would not only be in regard to human lives but also to environmental destruction. In the case of these natural hazards, it is the government that will be imputable for the caused devastation.


=== Problem Statement ===
Due to the acidification and warming of oceans due to climate change, pollution and destructive fishing practices (Ateweberhan et al., 2013) the amount of coral reefs is declining. One of the factors that could prevent the downgrading of a reef, is the resistance of a reef, its ability to prevent permanent phase-shifts, and the resilience of a reef, its ability to bounce back from phase-shifts (Nyström et al., 2008). These phase-shifts are undesirable because the reef ends up in a state where it can no longer return to a coral-dominated state (Hughes et al., 2010). If the reef has better resilience, it will be able to bounce back quicker. The robot improves the resilience of the reef by increasing the species richness and abundance through the use of acoustics (Gordon, et al., 2019), which improves the reef’s resilience by giving it protection from macroalgae (Burkepile and Hay, 2008).
“Coral reefs worldwide are increasingly damaged by anthropogenic stressors”[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13186-2 (Gordon, et al., 2019)]. To help the coral reefs a robot could be deployed. Robots could be created to replace labor and time-intensive work, as well as support scientists, researches and rescue organizations. The goal for this projects is to design a robot that can safely move through coral reefs. Because the coral reefs and ocean are sensitive, a robot that operates there needs to have some alterations. There has to be looked at aspects of the robot and tele operating system in such a way that the robot will not harm the environment it is in. Having a robot in a coral reef is useful but will involve some aspects that need some work.


=== Objectives ===
For a coral reef to flourish, a wide biodiversity of animals is needed. Fish that lay their larvae on corals are one of the essential components in a healthy reef ecosystem. However, once corals are dying, the fish do not use them for their larvae and the whole system ends up in a negative cycle. By playing sounds, with different frequencies, fish are tricked into believing that the corals are alive and come back with their larvae. This attracts other marine animals, which causes the entire system to flourish again (Gordon, et al., 2019).
The main objective of the robot is to create a robot that can safely move through the coral reefs. The robot helps with monitoring and managing coral reefs.


The robot needs to be able to move and be stationary on the bottom of the ocean. The robot needs to navigate through the corals without bumping into it since this could damage the reefs. The robot also has to be capable to have a stationary position and therefore hold on the something on the bottom of the ocean without breaking off pieces of coral.
To help the coral reefs a robot could be deployed. Robots could be created to replace labor and time-intensive work, as well as support scientists, researches and rescue organizations. The goal for this projects is to design a robot that can safely move through coral reefs. Because the coral reefs and ocean are sensitive, a robot that operates there needs to have some alterations. There has to be looked at aspects of the robot and tele operating system in such a way that the robot will not harm the environment it is in. Having a robot in a coral reef is useful but will involve some aspects that need some work.


The robot design should not pollute the ocean. There should not be any big risk for the ocean. So the risk of things like battery leakage or losing the robot should be minimalized. Also, the materials should be chosen right. The robot needs to be unbreakable so no parts will get lost.
=== The User ===
Our user will be researchers who could use our robot to research coral reefs, interact with them and support them. We have made contact with one researcher at a university, but we are still in discussion with him.


The system has to have a teleoperation system that makes sense to the user. The user needs a way to let the robot do what they want. This can be by preprogramming or with a teleoperating system that is adapted to the needs of the user.
=== Objectives ===


The robot needs to not disturb the life that is in the coral. Fish should not see the robot as food or as a predator. Also, the coating of the robot should be safe for whatever it might touch.
The main objective of the robot is to create a robot that can safely move through the coral reefs.
Robot needs to be able to move and be stationary on the bottom of the ocean. The robot needs to navigate through the corals without bumping into it since this could damage the reefs. The robot also has to be capable to have a stationary position and therefore hold on the something on the bottom of the ocean without breaking of pieces of coral.
The robot design should not pollute the ocean. There should not be any big risk for the ocean. So the risk of things like battery leakage or losing the robot should be minimalized. Also the materials should be chosen right. The robot needs to be unbreakable so no parts will get lost.
System has to have a tele operating system that makes sense to the user. The user needs a way to let the robot do what they want. This can be by preprogramming or with a tele operating system that is adapted to the needs of the user.
The robot needs to not disturb the live that is in the coral. Fish should not see the robot as food or as predator. Also the coating of the robot should be safe for whatever it might touch.  


== The Robot ==
=== Deliverables ===
* A model of the way the system works
* A detailed sketch of the robots itself
* The semi-functional prototype of the robot
* An additional report or Wiki for the explanation of the concept


=== General Component List ===
=== Connection to the Larger Problem ===
 
This robot can be used to further research coral reefs more easily and it can be outfitted with various components to help improve the reefs. For instance, it could be outfitted with speakers for acoustic enrichment, so that people do not need to dive down to place them.
*Arduino Based
*Motors: waterproof servos [https://hitecrcd.com/products/servos/waterproof-servos-2 Waterproof Servos]
*Camera: Arduino designed camera Vs external camera (mainly depending on budget and other requirements of the robot)
*Wireless communication module: [https://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/arduino-and-hc-12-long-range-wireless-communication-module/ HC12 Long Range Wireless Communication Module] (still need to check its functionality underwater / look or other already tested modules that have worked for previous underwater Arduino projects)
*Power Source: yet to be determined, calculations for the rest of the robot must be done before we can consider choosing a power source.
*Sensors:
**Location
**Pressure
**Gyro / Accelerometer
 
*Background Information:
**“The most prolific reefs occupy depths of 18–27 m (60–90 ft), though many of these shallow reefs have been degraded.” [https://scripps.ucsd.edu/projects/coralreefsystems/about-coral-reefs/biology-of-corals/ ("Biology of Corals: Coral Reef Systems")]
**[http://www.energiazero.org/esercitazioni/Building%20an%20Arduino%20ROV.pdf Building an Arduino-powered underwater ROV]
**Arduino-Based Submersible Robot Maps the Threatened Coral Reefs [https://thenewstack.io/agile-arduino-based-submersible-robot-maps-threatened-coral-reefs/ (Mok, 2019)]
 
=== Telecommunication ===
 
*Our implementation needs to be long-range
*Our implementation should not bother the fish or reefs
*We should consider/mention having some basic autonomous movement in case the wireless connection is disrupted. Also, in case of interference the robot should reject command it believes will damage the coral reefs (probably, the risk there is that it will misunderstand its environment and overrule the commands it receives and damage the coral reefs as a result)
*The kind of systems for telecommunication used to reach the depth of the ocean will be too expensive in our example case. We will probably use a way cheaper module in our example case and mention what could be used in the final product.
*Best currently available to normal people: http://www.top10drone.com/best-underwater-drones/
**First, third and fourth ones uses wi-fi (fourth mentions having a wifi module inside the robot itself, but it is intended for close-to-civilization work)
**Second one is connected to a cord but also has bluetooth functionality
**Note: these all seem to go at most 100m deeps, whereas corals can be 400-6000m deep (https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/corals-and-coral-reefs). But there are also shallow water coral reefs that are as high as 15m below the surface, so we should be good. But we could look into what coral reefs we can reach with our modules. (Amit has a source that says up to 70m deep is fine)
*Options for real deep sea:
**Bluetooth
**Wifi (previously mentioned drones mention interference when using wifi, https://www.powervision.me/en/product/powerdolphin/specs mentions using wifi to connect to a mobile device on the shore, assume there is no interference)
**Ultrasound (will it interfere with the fish? They are bothered more by low-frequency sounds than high-frequency sounds but is it completely safe? I can’t quickly find sources that say it’s no problem at all but a lot of researches have suggested using ultrasound to research coral reefs so it is likely fine) (we should also consider if it is a reliable way of doing things, since the soundwaves could bounce off of the corals, which would cause a lot of interference)
**Worst case option is using a tether - but that could cause damage or be damaged
**We don’t really have to worry about the water-air barrier, we can use buoy with signal receiver underwater to avoid interference. https://www.oceantechnologysystems.com/store/ffm-buddy-phone-packages/interspiro-aga-mkii-ffm-buddy-phone-package/ example of underwater communication between divers - ultrasonic
*Options for prototype: we can just use a cheap wifi module or ultrasound or something. It can be quite weak since we will be prototyping it in clear, shallow water.
 
 
=== Movement / Physical Build ===
 
*Options to move left and right:
**Servo motors (or stepper) can be used to turn the tail → need to research the difference and see which one is easier and better to use
**The rotor itself can turn → does this exist?
*Options to move up and down:
**Regulate the density by sucking water in or out a water tank
**Use a servo or stepper motor to tilt a tail up and down (which causes it to move up or down) → need to prototype to find out whether it works
*The robot can move down to the reef and be navigated to a spot where it can stay stationary. Two clips will grab a piece of rock to attach it to the ground
*Waterproof/ materials/ making process:
**To 3D print it, is not the most viable option as it has to be printed in multiple parts and a 3D print needs a coating to make it waterproof. It is also a challenge to make a waterproof system which clicks into each other so that the prototype can be opened up for testing and maintenance
**We could use a mold and make it from rubber or silicone. These parts can easily be screwed together as they are less rigid than 3D printed plastic. Through tests we need to find out whether this is waterproof
**We could also put all the electronics in a bottle or waterproof bag so that they will not get damaged if the casing leaks
 
== Coral Reef Considerations ==


== The Robot ==
=== Coral Reef Considerations ===
Risks by direct contact with coral:
Risks by direct contact with coral:
 
* Coral breaking when bumping into coral. Especially branching corals are the most vulnerable since they are fragile because of their growth form (Hawking and roberts, 1997).  
*Coral breaking when bumping into coral. Especially branching corals are the most vulnerable since they are fragile because of their growth form (Hawking and roberts, 1997).  
* Coral breaking when getting stuck in the propeller.
*Coral breaking when getting stuck in the propeller.
* Anchoring can break the coral.
*Anchoring can break the coral.
* When not capable of handling strong currents, the robot could damage the coral by being pushed to the coral with great force.   
*When not capable of handling strong currents, the robot could damage the coral by being pushed to the coral with great force.   


Risks by indirect contact with coral:
Risks by indirect contact with coral:
*Sedimentation/turbidity caused by the propellor, which can lead to mortality of coral species as it reduces the light penetration. If sedimentation or turbidity persists for too long the coral reef’s diversity  can change, where the tolerant species replace the sensitive coral species(PIANC, 2010).   
* Sedimentation/turbidity caused by the propellor, which can lead to mortality of coral species as it reduces the light penetration. If sedimentation or turbidity persists for too long the coral reef’s diversity  can change, where the tolerant species replace the sensitive coral species(PIANC, 2010).   
*Plastic can seal light and oxygen from the corals and can release toxins, which can increase the chance of coral becoming ill (“Plastic Is Making Coral Reefs Sick”, 2018).
* Plastic can seal light and oxygen from the corals and can release toxins, which can increase the chance of coral becoming ill (“Plastic Is Making Coral Reefs Sick”, 2018).
*Bacteria can travel on plastic. When pathogenic bacteria reach the coral, nothing can be done to fix it (“Plastic Is Making Coral Reefs Sick”, 2018).  
* Bacteria can travel on plastic. When pathogenic bacteria reach the coral, nothing can be done to fix it (“Plastic Is Making Coral Reefs Sick”, 2018).  
*Anti-fouling paint can damage coral (PIANC, 2010)
* Anti-fouling paint can damage coral (PIANC, 2010)


== Literature Study ==
Information on the different kinds of reefs and where they grow. Coral needs warm, well lit water as well as solid surfaces to settle on. There are 5 types of reef (mentioned in order of distance from the coast): fringing, patch, barrier, atoll and bank or platform reef, which are all explained in the paper. Per region/oceans over the world the area of reef in km2 is given. Also species diversity in coral reef over the world is given.
Spalding, M. D., Green, E. P., & Ravilious, C. (2001). World Atlas of Coral Reefs (1st edition). Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.


=== Use of acoustics for coral fish ===
=== Requirements, Preferences and Constraints ===
(In order to prevent further downgrading and instead increase the growth of the reef, large biodiversity of animals is required. It is therefore important that the robot can navigate through the water to guide the fish towards the reef. For this, the robot should firstly be able to detect where fish should be guided and then maneuver in the ocean without damaging any of the already existing reefs. Establishing which parts of the reef need to be tackled can be done by scanning the reef by means of taking pictures and comparing them to a database full of images of coral reef. A camera that operates well underwater is, therefore, a must. This camera will also be used in combination with a filter to navigate the robot in the water.


*(https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13186-2). The nature article we based ourselves on. Experiment to test the effects of acoustic enrichment. They set up loudspeakers that broadcast healthy soundscapes for 40 days, specifically on coral-rubble patch reefs in Australia’s northern Great Barrier Reef and compared the development of local fish communities to those in reefs with no speakers at all and ones with speakers that broadcasted no sound at all. After 40 days they found that there were more fish present of each trophic guild (herbivores, omnivores, planktivores, invertivores and piscivores), with the balance of fish types being unaffected. The acoustically enriched reefs also had 50% increased species richness. This study did not experiment with different types of sounds but based itself on other studies that have done so (later sources). The study acknowledges that the speakers create relatively small acoustic halos, but they suggest that since fish tend to migrate away from their initial settlement site, the extra fish will also move to other parts of the reef. They suggest further research must be done on the effects in different reef habitats, how the acoustic enrichment affects adult fish, the long-term effects of enrichment and the spatial scale of the effects. They recorded the audio transmitted by the loudspeakers again at 1m, 50m and 100m distances and found that at 50m distance from the loudspeaker the transmitted audio already cannot be detected anymore. The specifics of their loudspeaker, amplifier, battery and mp3 player are mentioned in the method section. Speakers were angled upwards for even audio distribution. The audio used was actually from the same reef, but taken before two major bleaching events. The audio was only played at night as that is when settlement behaviour happens. There were a few days throughout the process where acoustic transmissions were interrupted, this seemed to have no negative effects on the final result.
Since fish can be tricked in believing the coral is still alive through sounds of different frequencies, the robot will have to be capable of creating these sounds underwater. To achieve this, an underwater sound system is needing to be implemented inside the robot. Research done by Enger, Karlsen, Knudsen, and Sand (1993) shows that there is a wide range in frequency of what fish can hear. In this research, tests were done on different fish which resulted in hearing thresholds differing between the species. To know what frequency to send out at what moment, the robot will have to know what kind of fish are around and adjust its emitting sound. A database of the types of fish is needed to compare the with the camera detected fish.
 
*(https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v533/p93-107/). This study is an analysis of the acoustics of a few different coral reefs and how they could be used to assess the state of a reef. It suggests that different reefs (in different parts of the world) sound very different. Data from a single recorder can be used to analyse the whole reef, as there is very little variation in acoustics throughout the reef. The acoustics of a reef vary a lot throughout the day. To use acoustics to analyse a reef you really need at least 24 hour recordings. Low frequency sounds give a better indication of the fish density than high frequency sounds (below 1000Hz).
 
*(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347207005933). In general, larval fish are attracted to 570-2000Hz reef noise more than no sound or <570Hz reef noise. Some species have no preference, but the species investigated in this paper (specific names in results section, likely not relevant for us) were either ambivalent or preferred the >570Hz sounds. Additionally, low frequency sounds were still preferred to silence. The researches of this paper did not record and analyse their own sound transmissions, but believe that their speakers would have been noticeable up to 50m distance.
 
*(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00338-010-0710-6). This study focusses on juvenile (non-larval) fish and how they are affected by acoustic ques.  Here the speaker hung under a buoy and was pointed downwards. Also briefly mentions how different reefs have different progressions of noise throughout the day, and that most differences seem to be located in the 500-1000Hz range. Study indicates that some or all fish can distinguish between sounds coming from different habitats and specifically that reef sounds attracted fish more often present in reefs. The article makes no judgement on whether this is good or bad. The information that non-larval fish are also affected by audio cues is relevant because of
 
*(https://www.jstor.org/stable/40062249?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents) which is a study on the effects of audio cues for birds resulting in a decrease in species richness, but these are sounds taken directly from birds that are very territorial and it therefore makes sense that their sounds could scare other birds off.
 
*(https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/51/5/826/625886). This article explains what fish larvae are exactly, if we want this information. Acoustic cues for location are current-independent whereas olfactory cues are current-dependent, so fish must be capable of swimming upstream to use them. Both types of cues are location-dependent (unlike, for instance, magnetic fields or celestial bodies, which are location-independent). There are some indications that the larvae move towards sound at night, but away from it (or ignore it) during the day. Due to different olfactory receptors, different species of larvae might interpret the same batch of chemical differently. Fish cannot detect odour in stagnant water. Some larvae can imprint on specific olfactory cues.
 
*(https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0917/ba41332a801a60f2373d9ce172eced710720.pdf). Some families of fish don’t respond to sound at all. Most studies on using acoustic enrichment were carried out in just one region (Lizard Island). In a study in a different location, larvae were actually repelled by the noise. However, this was likely because they played daytime recordings at night, which as shown in other sources does not work. It might also have been because the healthy reef sounds were recorded far away from the reef that the experiment was performed on. This is not necessarily a problem (the recording in the Lizard Island tests was from even further away), but in this case the ambient noise from the recording likely did not match to the ambient noise of the reef.
 
*(https://www.pnas.org/content/115/20/5193.short). Unhealthy reefs sound different from healthy reefs and larvae prefer the sounds from healthy ones.
 
=== Reef resilience ===
 
*(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534710001825). Once corals start to degrade (from overfishing, or bleaching events caused by climate change or pollution) they can end up in a phase-shift, where they no longer have the capacity to return to a coral-dominated state. “The resilience of a complex system (e.g. an ecosystem, society or economy) is its capacity to absorb recurrent disturbances or shocks and adapt to change without fundamentally switching to an alternative stable state”. More herbivorous fish present helps combat macroalgal dominance, which means that the fish protect the corals. Larval connectivity is important, which is the ability to fish larvae to reach the reef. There have been past instances where a coral reef experienced a phase-shift but, after the re-introduction of herbivorous fish, they returned to a coral dominated state.
 
*(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-008-0426-z). This paper attempts to operationalize the concept of resilience by looking at how the term has been used in the past and trying to settle on a clear, measurable definition. Resilience is only one part of the story, resistance is the other. It describes the resistance of a coral reef to phase shifts, rather than their ability to return to their old state (resilience). This paper is specifically on resilience. Once a phase-shift has happened, there are self-reinforcing systems to keep it in the new state. Even if it can return to a coral dominated state the change in species distribution reduces to resilience going forward. This article also gives a quick overview of how algae can prevent coral from reforming. Species richness and abundance improve response diversity and redundancy (a stable and complete ecological system), and so help resilience. Connected reefs (close to each other) can share resilience, they can quickly regain their biodiversity from nearby reefs. However, strong connectivity can also mean a quick spread of disease or invasive species. This paper expands on a lot of factors that could be used to assess the resilience of a reef, but this will likely not be relevant for our project.


*(https://www.pnas.org/content/105/42/16201.short). “Maintaining herbivore species richness appears critical for preserving coral reefs, because complementary feeding by diverse herbivores produces positive, but indirect, effects on corals,the foundation species for the ecosystem.” Herbivore fish eat macroalgae that compete with the coral, a diverse mix of fish means that no macroalgae are immune to all herbivores in the ecosystem. This is particularly important after a disturbance has taken place, because at that point the macroalgae will usurp the corals and cause a phase-shift
Currently, the work that is needing to be done to make sure the coral reef is either still intact or regrowing, requires divers to go down in the ocean to explore and help out. Since the robot is going to replace these divers, they will have to be able to do exactly what the divers already can. This means that the robot should not solely be capable of helping the coral grow back, but also be able to communicate the current state of the ocean back to researchers. For this reason, underwater wireless communication should be possible.
For to robot to be moving around in the water and going fairly deep, it should contain a battery that can last long enough for the robot to go down explore the area and lure fish long enough to an area that they will migrate there. However, implementing a system inside the robot that will generate energy, would increase the robot's functionality. This way the robot can be used more effectively over greater distances.)


*(not the term used in this paper but the term for this used in another source we used). The presence of a diverse group of herbivore fish reduced algae cover, diversity and biomass. This allows the corals free reign, resulting in a larger coral cover and decreased coral mortality.
=== Hull Design and Material ===
To be added
==== State of the Art and Literature Study ====
To be added
==== Our Contribution ====
To be added
==== Discussion and Future Work ====
To be added


*(https://www.jstor.org/stable/30034127?seq=1).
=== Movement ===
To be added
==== State of the Art and Literature Study ====
* Options to move left and right:
** Servo motors (or stepper) can be used to turn the tail → need to research the difference and see which one is easier and better to use
** The rotor itself can turn → does this exist?
* Options to move up and down:
** Regulate the density by sucking water in or out a water tank
** Use a servo or stepper motor to tilt a tail up and down (which causes it to move up or down) → need to prototype to find out whether it works
* The robot can move down to the reef and be navigated to a spot where it can stay stationary. Two clips will grab a piece of rock to attach it to the ground
* Waterproof/ materials/ making process:
** To 3D print it, is not the most viable option as it has to be printed in multiple parts and a 3D print needs a coating to make it waterproof. It is also a challenge to make a waterproof system which clicks into each other so that the prototype can be opened up for testing and maintenance
** We could use a mold and make it from rubber or silicone. These parts can easily be screwed together as they are less rigid than 3D printed plastic. Through tests we need to find out whether this is waterproof
** We could also put all the electronics in a bottle or waterproof bag so that they will not get damaged if the casing leaks


*(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25607371-predicting-climate-driven-regime-shifts-versus-rebound-potential-in-coral-reefs/).


*(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377479/  ).


*(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3053366/).
==== Our Contribution ====
To be added
==== Discussion and Future Work ====
To be added


*(https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0003039).  
=== Sensors ===
To be added
==== State of the Art and Literature Study ====
* https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/112200773/ChristensenPAAR2015.pdf
* https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101123121105.htm
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. (2010, November 23). Underwater robots on course to the deep sea. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 8, 2020 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101123121105.htm
* “ The engineers from Fraunhofer Institute for Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation in Karlsruhe, Germany are working on the "eyes" for underwater robots. Optical perception is based on a special exposure and analysis technology which even permits orientation in turbid water as well. First of all, it determines the distance to the object, and then the camera emits a laser impulse which is reflected by the object, such as a wall. Microseconds before the reflected light flash arrives, the camera opens the aperture and the sensors capture the incident light pulses.”
* “The powerful but lightweight lithium batteries”


=== The importance of coral reefs ===
==== Our Contribution ====
To be added
==== Discussion and Future Work ====
To be added


*(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4354160/). Reefs reduce wave energy and therefore wave height, which reduces the risk and extent of the waves damaging structures on the shore.  
=== User Interactions and Communication ===
To be added
==== State of the Art and Literature Study ====
Different underwater communication technologies are mentioned. Each technology has its own benefits and downsides. This paper explains how each works and what the speed, distance, power etc. it needed or can be reached.  


*Need more sources
Kaushal, H., & Kaddoum, G. (2016). Underwater Optical Wireless Communication. IEEE Access, 4, 1518–1547. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2552538


=== Alternative ways to help coral reefs ===
* Our implementation needs to be long-range
* Our implementation should not bother the fish or reefs
* We should consider/mention having some basic autonomous movement in case the wireless connection is disrupted. Also, in case of interference the robot should reject command it believes will damage the coral reefs (probably, the risk there is that it will misunderstand its environment and overrule the commands it receives and damage the coral reefs as a result)
* The kind of systems for telecommunication used to reach the depth of the ocean will be too expensive in our example case. We will probably use a way cheaper module in our example case and mention what could be used in the final product.
* Best currently available to normal people: http://www.top10drone.com/best-underwater-drones/
** First, third and fourth ones uses wi-fi (fourth mentions having a wifi module inside the robot itself, but it is intended for close-to-civilization work)
** Second one is connected to a cord but also has bluetooth functionality
** Note: these all seem to go at most 100m deeps, whereas corals can be 400-6000m deep (https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/corals-and-coral-reefs). But there are also shallow water coral reefs that are as high as 15m below the surface, so we should be good. But we could look into what coral reefs we can reach with our modules. (Amit has a source that says up to 70m deep is fine)
* Options for real deep sea:
** Bluetooth
** Wifi (previously mentioned drones mention interference when using wifi, https://www.powervision.me/en/product/powerdolphin/specs mentions using wifi to connect to a mobile device on the shore, assume there is no interference)
** Ultrasound (will it interfere with the fish? They are bothered more by low-frequency sounds than high-frequency sounds but is it completely safe? I can’t quickly find sources that say it’s no problem at all but a lot of researches have suggested using ultrasound to research coral reefs so it is likely fine) (we should also consider if it is a reliable way of doing things, since the soundwaves could bounce off of the corals, which would cause a lot of interference)
** Worst case option is using a tether - but that could cause damage or be damaged
** We don’t really have to worry about the water-air barrier, we can use buoy with signal receiver underwater to avoid interference. https://www.oceantechnologysystems.com/store/ffm-buddy-phone-packages/interspiro-aga-mkii-ffm-buddy-phone-package/ example of underwater communication between divers - ultrasonic
* Options for prototype: we can just use a cheap wifi module or ultrasound or something. It can be quite weak since we will be prototyping it in clear, shallow water.


*(https://peerj.com/articles/1313/).


=== Other threats to corals ===


*(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2291018/).


*(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4841221/).
==== Our Contribution ====
To be added
==== Discussion and Future Work ====
To be added


*(https://stopillegalfishing.com/issues/blast-fishing/). Blast fishing is the use of explosives to stun or kill fish to then collect. These explosions also damage corals, and kill any fish present.
=== Software and Autonomy ===
To be added
==== State of the Art and Literature Study ====
To be added
==== Our Contribution ====
To be added
==== Discussion and Future Work ====
To be added


*(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13003020?via%3Dihub). Climate change affects coral reefs in a number of ways, mainly through the warming of the oceans and ocean acidification. Other, local factors damaging coral reefs include overfishing/destructive fishing and pollution (brings both pathogens as well as nutrients that cause algae to grow too fast - the reasoning behind the damage of too many nutrients is not mentioned in this source). Shoreline alterations can also do damage. Climate change damages both the corals themselves as well as the calcifying algae they are built around. The warming of the oceans leads to coral bleaching events, which kills corals, reduces coral cover and, even if the reef survives, changes which kinds of coral dominate the reef. The acidification reduces calcification, which causes reefs to grow slower. Acidification can also cause bleaching events and slow down recovery after bleaching. Acidification can also damage fish and other organisms present in the reefs. It is also likely that warmer waters make coral reefs more susceptible to disease. Acidification makes olfactory detection less viable, particularly when it comes to detecting predators and prey. We cannot save coral reefs by addression just one factor, all destructive elements need to be dealt with.
=== Power Source ===
Look up the crow-of-thorns starfish that keeps being mentioned
To be added
Factors affecting fish recruitment
==== State of the Art and Literature Study ====
To be added
==== Our Contribution ====
To be added
==== Discussion and Future Work ====
To be added


*(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233715881_Rehabilitation_of_coral_reef-fish_communities_The_importance_of_artificial-reef_relief_to_recruitment_rates).
=== Integration and Prototype ===
To be added


*(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00442-007-0773-4).
=== Components ===
Acoustics underwater
* “The most prolific reefs occupy depths of 18–27 m (60–90 ft), though many of these shallow reefs have been degraded.” - Biology of Corals | Coral Reef Systems
* Building an Arduino-powered underwater ROV - could be useful to see the software and component selection process
* Arduino-Based Submersible Robot Maps the Threatened Coral Reefs
* Underwater robot control system based on Arduino platform and robot vision module


*(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-012-0892-1).
* Motors
 
** Waterproof Servos
*(https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.2836780).
* Camera
 
** Arduino designed VS external camera
=== Robot Operation ===
* Arduino based
 
* Wireless communication module (Wi-Fi?)
*(https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/112200773/ChristensenPAAR2015.pdf)
** Arduino and HC-12 Long Range Wireless Communication Module
 
* Power source
*(https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101123121105.htm)  
* Weights?
**Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. (2010, November 23). Underwater robots on course to the deep sea. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 8, 2020 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101123121105.htm
** We need to calculate the density it needs to navigate based on the motor
**“ The engineers from Fraunhofer Institute for Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation in Karlsruhe, Germany are working on the "eyes" for underwater robots. Optical perception is based on a special exposure and analysis technology which even permits orientation in turbid water as well. First of all, it determines the distance to the object, and then the camera emits a laser impulse which is reflected by the object, such as a wall. Microseconds before the reflected light flash arrives, the camera opens the aperture and the sensors capture the incident light pulses.”
* Sensors
**“The powerful but lightweight lithium batteries”
** Location
 
** Pressure
== Users and Needs ==
** Gyro / accelerometer
 
=== Tasks: ===
For whom would the invention of this robot be of great interest? One of the great benefits of the coral reef is that in case of natural hazards, such as coastal storms, the reef on average can reduce the wave energies by 97% (Ferrario, 2014). Meaning that it can prevent storms and flooding and thus protect the coastal inhabitants. Since roughly 40% of the world’s population is located within a range of 100 km from the coast (Ferrario, 2014), protecting the coral reef will result in a reduction of a great amount of damage. This would not only be in regard to human lives but also to environmental destruction. In the case of these natural hazards, it is the government that will be imputable for the caused devastation. This is why they are the main users of a robot that helps recover the coral reef.
 
In order to prevent further downgrading and instead increase the growth of the reef, large biodiversity of animals is required. It is therefore important that the robot can navigate through the water to guide the fish towards the reef. For this, the robot should firstly be able to detect where fish should be guided and then maneuver in the ocean without damaging any of the already existing reefs. Establishing which parts of the reef need to be tackled can be done by scanning the reef by means of taking pictures and comparing them to a database full of images of coral reef. A camera that operates well underwater is, therefore, a must. This camera will also be used in combination with a filter to navigate the robot in the water.
 
Since fish can be tricked in believing the coral is still alive through sounds of different frequencies, the robot will have to be capable of creating these sounds underwater. To achieve this, an underwater sound system is needing to be implemented inside the robot. Research done by Enger, Karlsen, Knudsen, and Sand (1993) shows that there is a wide range in frequency of what fish can hear. In this research, tests were done on different fish which resulted in hearing thresholds differing between the species. To know what frequency to send out at what moment, the robot will have to know what kind of fish are around and adjust its emitting sound. A database of the types of fish is needed to compare the with the camera detected fish.
Currently, the work that is needing to be done to make sure the coral reef is either still intact or regrowing, requires divers to go down in the ocean to explore and help out. Since the robot is going to replace these divers, they will have to be able to do exactly what the divers already can. This means that the robot should not solely be capable of helping the coral grow back, but also be able to communicate the current state of the ocean back to researchers. For this reason, underwater wireless communication should be possible.
 
For to robot to be moving around in the water and going fairly deep, it should contain a battery that can last long enough for the robot to go down explore the area and lure fish long enough to an area that they will migrate there. However, implementing a system inside the robot that will generate energy, would increase the robot's functionality. This way the robot can be used more effectively over greater distances.
 
== Approach, Milestones and Deliverables ==
 
State of the art research needs to be done to see what is already done in the field of saving corals. Also, this will generate knowledge about and what can be improved on these designs so this project will be useful in this field. The needs of corals and people will also become clear when doing user research.
 
When there is found what is useful and needed to develop, an RPC list will be made to make clear what is wanted to accomplish. In this list requirements, preferences and constraints will be noted. This is useful for making designs that are wanted.
 
Multiple design strategies will be considered and one will be chosen. A design concept is developed keeping the goal and RPCs of the project in mind. Choices need to be made about what techniques will be used to help the corals, in which way the robot is going to move and how the robots will communicate as a system. Also hardware for the robot and a way to model the system needs to be chosen.
 
The design concept will then be executed into deliverables. The deliverables for this project are:
* A model of the way the system works
* A detailed sketch of the robots itself
* The semi-functional prototype of the robot
* An additional report or Wiki for the explanation of the concept
 
Also, a conclusion needs to be drawn from this project. For this, also recommendations for further research needs to be made. The robot/prototype needs to be demoed. After that, the robot and the model need to be evaluated.
 
Before reaching the final goal of this project, some milestones need to be passed.
* State of the art research is done
* RPC list is made
* The design concept is decided on
* Model and prototype are made
* Demo and evaluation are done


== Final Result ==
To be added


== References ==
== References ==
Line 253: Line 231:


[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534710001825 Hughes, T. P, Graham, N. A. J, Jackson, J. B. C., Mumby, P. J., Steneck, R. S. (2010). Rising to the challenge of sustaining coral reef resilience. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 25, Issue 11, pages 633-642. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534710001825]
[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534710001825 Hughes, T. P, Graham, N. A. J, Jackson, J. B. C., Mumby, P. J., Steneck, R. S. (2010). Rising to the challenge of sustaining coral reef resilience. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 25, Issue 11, pages 633-642. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534710001825]
[https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2552538 Kaushal, H., & Kaddoum, G. (2016). Underwater Optical Wireless Communication. IEEE Access, 4, 1518–1547. From https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2552538]


[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-008-0426-z Nyström, M., Graham, N.A.J., Lokrantz, J., Norström, A. V.(2008). Capturing the cornerstones of coral reef resilience: linking theory to practice. Coral Reefs, Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 795–809. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-008-0426-z]
[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-008-0426-z Nyström, M., Graham, N.A.J., Lokrantz, J., Norström, A. V.(2008). Capturing the cornerstones of coral reef resilience: linking theory to practice. Coral Reefs, Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 795–809. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-008-0426-z]

Revision as of 13:15, 4 March 2020

Group

Team Members

Name ID Email Major
Amit Gelbhart 1055213 a.gelbhart@student.tue.nl Sustainable Innovation
Marleen Luijten 1326732 m.luijten2@student.tue.nl Industrial Design
Myrthe Spronck 1330268 m.s.c.spronck@student.tue.nl Computer Science
Ilvy Stoots 1329707 i.n.j.stoots@student.tue.nl Industrial Design
Linda Tawafra 0941352 l.tawafra@student.tue.nl Industrial Design

Time Sheets

File:43020.PNG

Peer Review

Will be added later

Project Goal

The Problem

One of the great benefits of the coral reef is that in case of natural hazards, such as coastal storms, the reef on average can reduce the wave energies by 97% (Ferrario, 2014). Meaning that it can prevent storms and flooding and thus protect the coastal inhabitants. Since roughly 40% of the world’s population is located within a range of 100 km from the coast (Ferrario, 2014), protecting the coral reef will result in a reduction of a great amount of damage. This would not only be in regard to human lives but also to environmental destruction. In the case of these natural hazards, it is the government that will be imputable for the caused devastation.

Due to the acidification and warming of oceans due to climate change, pollution and destructive fishing practices (Ateweberhan et al., 2013) the amount of coral reefs is declining. One of the factors that could prevent the downgrading of a reef, is the resistance of a reef, its ability to prevent permanent phase-shifts, and the resilience of a reef, its ability to bounce back from phase-shifts (Nyström et al., 2008). These phase-shifts are undesirable because the reef ends up in a state where it can no longer return to a coral-dominated state (Hughes et al., 2010). If the reef has better resilience, it will be able to bounce back quicker. The robot improves the resilience of the reef by increasing the species richness and abundance through the use of acoustics (Gordon, et al., 2019), which improves the reef’s resilience by giving it protection from macroalgae (Burkepile and Hay, 2008).

For a coral reef to flourish, a wide biodiversity of animals is needed. Fish that lay their larvae on corals are one of the essential components in a healthy reef ecosystem. However, once corals are dying, the fish do not use them for their larvae and the whole system ends up in a negative cycle. By playing sounds, with different frequencies, fish are tricked into believing that the corals are alive and come back with their larvae. This attracts other marine animals, which causes the entire system to flourish again (Gordon, et al., 2019).

To help the coral reefs a robot could be deployed. Robots could be created to replace labor and time-intensive work, as well as support scientists, researches and rescue organizations. The goal for this projects is to design a robot that can safely move through coral reefs. Because the coral reefs and ocean are sensitive, a robot that operates there needs to have some alterations. There has to be looked at aspects of the robot and tele operating system in such a way that the robot will not harm the environment it is in. Having a robot in a coral reef is useful but will involve some aspects that need some work.

The User

Our user will be researchers who could use our robot to research coral reefs, interact with them and support them. We have made contact with one researcher at a university, but we are still in discussion with him.

Objectives

The main objective of the robot is to create a robot that can safely move through the coral reefs. Robot needs to be able to move and be stationary on the bottom of the ocean. The robot needs to navigate through the corals without bumping into it since this could damage the reefs. The robot also has to be capable to have a stationary position and therefore hold on the something on the bottom of the ocean without breaking of pieces of coral. The robot design should not pollute the ocean. There should not be any big risk for the ocean. So the risk of things like battery leakage or losing the robot should be minimalized. Also the materials should be chosen right. The robot needs to be unbreakable so no parts will get lost. System has to have a tele operating system that makes sense to the user. The user needs a way to let the robot do what they want. This can be by preprogramming or with a tele operating system that is adapted to the needs of the user. The robot needs to not disturb the live that is in the coral. Fish should not see the robot as food or as predator. Also the coating of the robot should be safe for whatever it might touch.

Deliverables

  • A model of the way the system works
  • A detailed sketch of the robots itself
  • The semi-functional prototype of the robot
  • An additional report or Wiki for the explanation of the concept

Connection to the Larger Problem

This robot can be used to further research coral reefs more easily and it can be outfitted with various components to help improve the reefs. For instance, it could be outfitted with speakers for acoustic enrichment, so that people do not need to dive down to place them.

The Robot

Coral Reef Considerations

Risks by direct contact with coral:

  • Coral breaking when bumping into coral. Especially branching corals are the most vulnerable since they are fragile because of their growth form (Hawking and roberts, 1997).
  • Coral breaking when getting stuck in the propeller.
  • Anchoring can break the coral.
  • When not capable of handling strong currents, the robot could damage the coral by being pushed to the coral with great force.

Risks by indirect contact with coral:

  • Sedimentation/turbidity caused by the propellor, which can lead to mortality of coral species as it reduces the light penetration. If sedimentation or turbidity persists for too long the coral reef’s diversity can change, where the tolerant species replace the sensitive coral species(PIANC, 2010).
  • Plastic can seal light and oxygen from the corals and can release toxins, which can increase the chance of coral becoming ill (“Plastic Is Making Coral Reefs Sick”, 2018).
  • Bacteria can travel on plastic. When pathogenic bacteria reach the coral, nothing can be done to fix it (“Plastic Is Making Coral Reefs Sick”, 2018).
  • Anti-fouling paint can damage coral (PIANC, 2010)

Information on the different kinds of reefs and where they grow. Coral needs warm, well lit water as well as solid surfaces to settle on. There are 5 types of reef (mentioned in order of distance from the coast): fringing, patch, barrier, atoll and bank or platform reef, which are all explained in the paper. Per region/oceans over the world the area of reef in km2 is given. Also species diversity in coral reef over the world is given. Spalding, M. D., Green, E. P., & Ravilious, C. (2001). World Atlas of Coral Reefs (1st edition). Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.

Requirements, Preferences and Constraints

(In order to prevent further downgrading and instead increase the growth of the reef, large biodiversity of animals is required. It is therefore important that the robot can navigate through the water to guide the fish towards the reef. For this, the robot should firstly be able to detect where fish should be guided and then maneuver in the ocean without damaging any of the already existing reefs. Establishing which parts of the reef need to be tackled can be done by scanning the reef by means of taking pictures and comparing them to a database full of images of coral reef. A camera that operates well underwater is, therefore, a must. This camera will also be used in combination with a filter to navigate the robot in the water.

Since fish can be tricked in believing the coral is still alive through sounds of different frequencies, the robot will have to be capable of creating these sounds underwater. To achieve this, an underwater sound system is needing to be implemented inside the robot. Research done by Enger, Karlsen, Knudsen, and Sand (1993) shows that there is a wide range in frequency of what fish can hear. In this research, tests were done on different fish which resulted in hearing thresholds differing between the species. To know what frequency to send out at what moment, the robot will have to know what kind of fish are around and adjust its emitting sound. A database of the types of fish is needed to compare the with the camera detected fish.

Currently, the work that is needing to be done to make sure the coral reef is either still intact or regrowing, requires divers to go down in the ocean to explore and help out. Since the robot is going to replace these divers, they will have to be able to do exactly what the divers already can. This means that the robot should not solely be capable of helping the coral grow back, but also be able to communicate the current state of the ocean back to researchers. For this reason, underwater wireless communication should be possible. For to robot to be moving around in the water and going fairly deep, it should contain a battery that can last long enough for the robot to go down explore the area and lure fish long enough to an area that they will migrate there. However, implementing a system inside the robot that will generate energy, would increase the robot's functionality. This way the robot can be used more effectively over greater distances.)

Hull Design and Material

To be added

State of the Art and Literature Study

To be added

Our Contribution

To be added

Discussion and Future Work

To be added

Movement

To be added

State of the Art and Literature Study

  • Options to move left and right:
    • Servo motors (or stepper) can be used to turn the tail → need to research the difference and see which one is easier and better to use
    • The rotor itself can turn → does this exist?
  • Options to move up and down:
    • Regulate the density by sucking water in or out a water tank
    • Use a servo or stepper motor to tilt a tail up and down (which causes it to move up or down) → need to prototype to find out whether it works
  • The robot can move down to the reef and be navigated to a spot where it can stay stationary. Two clips will grab a piece of rock to attach it to the ground
  • Waterproof/ materials/ making process:
    • To 3D print it, is not the most viable option as it has to be printed in multiple parts and a 3D print needs a coating to make it waterproof. It is also a challenge to make a waterproof system which clicks into each other so that the prototype can be opened up for testing and maintenance
    • We could use a mold and make it from rubber or silicone. These parts can easily be screwed together as they are less rigid than 3D printed plastic. Through tests we need to find out whether this is waterproof
    • We could also put all the electronics in a bottle or waterproof bag so that they will not get damaged if the casing leaks


Our Contribution

To be added

Discussion and Future Work

To be added

Sensors

To be added

State of the Art and Literature Study

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. (2010, November 23). Underwater robots on course to the deep sea. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 8, 2020 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101123121105.htm

  • “ The engineers from Fraunhofer Institute for Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation in Karlsruhe, Germany are working on the "eyes" for underwater robots. Optical perception is based on a special exposure and analysis technology which even permits orientation in turbid water as well. First of all, it determines the distance to the object, and then the camera emits a laser impulse which is reflected by the object, such as a wall. Microseconds before the reflected light flash arrives, the camera opens the aperture and the sensors capture the incident light pulses.”
  • “The powerful but lightweight lithium batteries”

Our Contribution

To be added

Discussion and Future Work

To be added

User Interactions and Communication

To be added

State of the Art and Literature Study

Different underwater communication technologies are mentioned. Each technology has its own benefits and downsides. This paper explains how each works and what the speed, distance, power etc. it needed or can be reached.

Kaushal, H., & Kaddoum, G. (2016). Underwater Optical Wireless Communication. IEEE Access, 4, 1518–1547. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2552538

  • Our implementation needs to be long-range
  • Our implementation should not bother the fish or reefs
  • We should consider/mention having some basic autonomous movement in case the wireless connection is disrupted. Also, in case of interference the robot should reject command it believes will damage the coral reefs (probably, the risk there is that it will misunderstand its environment and overrule the commands it receives and damage the coral reefs as a result)
  • The kind of systems for telecommunication used to reach the depth of the ocean will be too expensive in our example case. We will probably use a way cheaper module in our example case and mention what could be used in the final product.
  • Best currently available to normal people: http://www.top10drone.com/best-underwater-drones/
    • First, third and fourth ones uses wi-fi (fourth mentions having a wifi module inside the robot itself, but it is intended for close-to-civilization work)
    • Second one is connected to a cord but also has bluetooth functionality
    • Note: these all seem to go at most 100m deeps, whereas corals can be 400-6000m deep (https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/corals-and-coral-reefs). But there are also shallow water coral reefs that are as high as 15m below the surface, so we should be good. But we could look into what coral reefs we can reach with our modules. (Amit has a source that says up to 70m deep is fine)
  • Options for real deep sea:
    • Bluetooth
    • Wifi (previously mentioned drones mention interference when using wifi, https://www.powervision.me/en/product/powerdolphin/specs mentions using wifi to connect to a mobile device on the shore, assume there is no interference)
    • Ultrasound (will it interfere with the fish? They are bothered more by low-frequency sounds than high-frequency sounds but is it completely safe? I can’t quickly find sources that say it’s no problem at all but a lot of researches have suggested using ultrasound to research coral reefs so it is likely fine) (we should also consider if it is a reliable way of doing things, since the soundwaves could bounce off of the corals, which would cause a lot of interference)
    • Worst case option is using a tether - but that could cause damage or be damaged
    • We don’t really have to worry about the water-air barrier, we can use buoy with signal receiver underwater to avoid interference. https://www.oceantechnologysystems.com/store/ffm-buddy-phone-packages/interspiro-aga-mkii-ffm-buddy-phone-package/ example of underwater communication between divers - ultrasonic
  • Options for prototype: we can just use a cheap wifi module or ultrasound or something. It can be quite weak since we will be prototyping it in clear, shallow water.



Our Contribution

To be added

Discussion and Future Work

To be added

Software and Autonomy

To be added

State of the Art and Literature Study

To be added

Our Contribution

To be added

Discussion and Future Work

To be added

Power Source

To be added

State of the Art and Literature Study

To be added

Our Contribution

To be added

Discussion and Future Work

To be added

Integration and Prototype

To be added

Components

  • “The most prolific reefs occupy depths of 18–27 m (60–90 ft), though many of these shallow reefs have been degraded.” - Biology of Corals | Coral Reef Systems
  • Building an Arduino-powered underwater ROV - could be useful to see the software and component selection process
  • Arduino-Based Submersible Robot Maps the Threatened Coral Reefs
  • Underwater robot control system based on Arduino platform and robot vision module
  • Motors
    • Waterproof Servos
  • Camera
    • Arduino designed VS external camera
  • Arduino based
  • Wireless communication module (Wi-Fi?)
    • Arduino and HC-12 Long Range Wireless Communication Module
  • Power source
  • Weights?
    • We need to calculate the density it needs to navigate based on the motor
  • Sensors
    • Location
    • Pressure
    • Gyro / accelerometer

Final Result

To be added

References

Ateweberhan, M., Feary, D. A., Keshavmurthy, S., Chen, A., Schleyer, M. H., Sheppard, C. R. C. (2013). Climate change impacts on coral reefs: Synergies with local effects, possibilities for acclimation, and management implications. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 74, Issue 2, pages 526-539. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13003020

Burkepile, D. E., Hay, M. E. (2008). Herbivore species richness and feeding complementarity affect community structure and function on a coral reef. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 105, Issue 42, pages 16201-16206. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/105/42/16201

Enger, P. S., Karlsen, H. E., Knudsen, F. R., & Sand, O. (1993). Detection and reaction of fish to infrasound. ICES mar. Sei. Symp., 196, 108–112. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7491/2a618da033b24796f48e88e71eaa00a9b57d.pdf

Ferrario, F., Beck, M. W., Storlazzi, C. D., Micheli, F., Shepard, C. C., & Airoldi, L. (2014). The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. Nature Communications, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4794

Gordon, T. A. C., Radford, A. N., Davidson, I. K., Barnes, K., Mccloskey, K., Nedelec, S. L., … Simpson, S. D. (2019). Acoustic enrichment can enhance fish community development on degraded coral reef habitat. Nature Communications, 10(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13186-2

Hawkins, J.P., Roberts, C.M., 1997. Estimating the carrying capacity of coral reefs for SCUBA diving. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol. 2, pp. 1923–1926.

Hughes, T. P, Graham, N. A. J, Jackson, J. B. C., Mumby, P. J., Steneck, R. S. (2010). Rising to the challenge of sustaining coral reef resilience. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 25, Issue 11, pages 633-642. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534710001825

Kaushal, H., & Kaddoum, G. (2016). Underwater Optical Wireless Communication. IEEE Access, 4, 1518–1547. From https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2552538

Nyström, M., Graham, N.A.J., Lokrantz, J., Norström, A. V.(2008). Capturing the cornerstones of coral reef resilience: linking theory to practice. Coral Reefs, Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 795–809. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-008-0426-z

PIANC. (2010). Dredging and Port Construction Around Coral Reefs (N°108). Brussels: PIANC Secretariat General.

Plastic Is Making Coral Reefs Sick. (2018, January 30). Retrieved 19 februari 2020, from https://www.plasticsoupfoundation.org/en/2018/01/plastic-is-making-coral-reefs-sick/

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