PRE2019 3 Group17

Group Members

Name	ID	Email	Major
Amit Gelbhart	1055213	a.gelbhart@student.tue.nl	Sustainable Innovation
Marleen Luijten	1326732	m.luijten2@student.tue.nl	Industrial Design
Myrthe Spronck	1330268	m.s.c.spronck@student.tue.nl	Computer Science
Ilvy Stoots	1329707	i.n.j.stoots@student.tue.nl	Industrial Design
Linda Tawafra	0941352	l.tawafra@student.tue.nl	Industrial Design

Work Breakdown & Task Division

Work Hour Breakdown

Work Breakdown per Group Member per Week

	Week 1		Week 2		Week 3
Name	Total Hours	Work Breakdown	Total Hours	Work Breakdown	Total Hours	Work Breakdown
Amit Gelbhart
Marleen Luijten
Myrthe Spronck
Ilvy Stoots
Linda Tawafra

Problem Statement and Objectives

Problem Statement

“Coral reefs worldwide are increasingly damaged by anthropogenic stressors”(Gordon, et al., 2019). We look towards alternative methods of reviving dying and dead coral reefs. Acoustic enrichment is a tested method that seems to be able to bring fish back to coral reefs. Robots could be created to automate labor and time-intensive work, as well as remove the skill floor required to revive a local reef.

Objectives

The main objective of the robot is to prevent reefs from downgrading by improving the coral reefs' resilience and bring back dead coral reefs through attracting fish. Additionally, the robot helps with monitoring and managing coral reefs by automating manual labor and improving data efficiency.

Prevent downgrading

Due to the acidification and warming of oceans due to climate change, pollution and destructive fishing practices (Ateweberhan et al., 2013)the amount of coral reefs is declining. One of the factors that could prevent the downgrading of a reef, is the resistance of a reef, its ability to prevent permanent phase-shifts, and the resilience of a reef, its ability to bounce back from phase-shifts (Nyström et al., 2008). These phase-shifts are undesirable because the reef ends up in a state where it can no longer return to a coral-dominated state (Hughes et al., 2010). If the reef has better resilience, it will be able to bounce back quicker. The robot improves the resilience of the reef by increasing the species richness and abundance through the use of acoustics (Gordon et al., 2019), which improves the reef’s resilience by giving it protection from macroalgae (Burkepile and Hay, 2008).

Bring back dead coral reefs

For a coral reef to flourish, a wide biodiversity of animals is needed. Fish that lay their larvae on corals are one of the essential components in a healthy reef ecosystem. However, once corals are dying, the fish do not use them for their larvae and the whole system ends up in a negative cycle. By playing sounds, with different frequencies, fish are tricked into believing that the corals are alive and come back with their larvae. This attracts other marine animals, which causes the entire system to flourish again (SOURCE!!).

Monitor and manage coral reefs

The monitoring of coral reefs nowadays is a time consuming and cumbersome method, which requires a lot of manual activities (SOURCE!!). The robot is able to scan reefs and provide researchers with an accurate and continuous database regarding the status of the coral and the population of fish and other marine animals. This reduces the amount of manual actions that otherwise would have been performed by divers and researchers. The database allows researchers to study reef ecosystems worldwide, which leads to a better understanding of the ecosystems and allows better management.

sources used in this section:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13186-2 https://www.pnas.org/content/105/42/16201.short https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169534710001825 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-008-0426-z https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X13003020?via%3Dihub

Users and Needs

Tasks:

• Navigation through the reef, scan reef, take pictures, know where and which sounds, communication???, battery? energy generation? share database
• Guide fish to the reef
• No more need for divers to go down

What the robot should be able to do?

For whom would the invention of this robot be of great interest? One of the great benefits of the coral reef, is that in case of natural hazards, such as coastal storms, the reef on average can reduce the wave energies by 97% (Ferrario, 2014). Meaning that it can prevent storms and flooding and thus protect the coastal inhabitants. Since roughly 40% of the world’s population is located within a range of 100 km from the coast (Ferrario, 2014), protecting the coral reef will result in a reduction of a great amount of damage. This would not only be in regards to human lives but also to environmental destruction. In case of these natural hazards, it is the government that will be imputable for the caused devastation. This is why they are the main users of a robot that helps recover the coral reef.

In order to prevent further downgrading and instead increase the growth of the reef, a large biodiversity of animals is required. It is therefore important that the robot can navigate through the water to guide the fish towards the reef. For this, the robot should firstly be able to detect where fish should be guided to and then manoeuvre in the ocean without damaging any of the already existing reef. Establishing which parts of the reef need to be tackled can be done by scanning the reef by means of taking pictures and comparing them to a database full of images of coral reef. A camera that operates well underwater is therefore a must. This camera will also be used in combination with a filter to navigate the robot in the water.

Since fish can be tricked in believing the coral is still alive through sounds of different frequencies, the robot will have to be capable of creating these sounds underwater. To achieve this, an underwater sound system is needing to be implemented inside the robot. Research done by Enger, Karlsen, Knudsen, and Sand (1993) shows that there is a wide range in frequency of what fish can hear. In this research, tests were done on different fish which resulted in hearing thresholds differing between the species. To know what frequency to send out at what moment, the robot will have to know what kind of fish are around and adjust its emitting sound. A database of the types of fish is needed to compare the with the camera detected fish.

Approach, Milestones and Deliverables

State of the art research needs to be done to see what is already done in the field of saving corals. Also, this will generate knowledge about and what can be improved on these designs so this project will be useful in this field. The needs of corals and people will also become clear when doing user research.

When there is found what is useful and needed to develop, an RPC list will be made to make clear what is wanted to accomplish. In this list requirements, preferences and constraints will be noted. This is useful for making designs that are wanted.

Multiple design strategies will be considered and one will be chosen. A design concept is developed keeping the goal and RPCs of the project in mind. Choices need to be made about what techniques will be used to help the corals, in which way the robot is going to move and how the robots will communicate as a system. Also hardware for the robot and a way to model the system needs to be chosen.

The design concept will then be executed into deliverables. The deliverables for this project are:

• A model of the way the system works
• A detailed sketch of the robots itself
• The semi-functional prototype of the robot
• An additional report or Wiki for the explanation of the concept

Also, a conclusion needs to be drawn from this project. For this, also recommendations for further research needs to be made. The robot/prototype needs to be demoed. After that, the robot and the model need to be evaluated.

Before reaching the final goal of this project, some milestones need to be passed.

• State of the art research is done
• RPC list is made
• The design concept is decided on
• Model and prototype are made
• Demo and evaluation are done

References

Gordon, T. A. C., Radford, A. N., Davidson, I. K., Barnes, K., Mccloskey, K., Nedelec, S. L., … Simpson, S. D. (2019). Acoustic enrichment can enhance fish community development on degraded coral reef habitat. Nature Communications, 10(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13186-2

Ferrario, F., Beck, M. W., Storlazzi, C. D., Micheli, F., Shepard, C. C., & Airoldi, L. (2014). The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. Nature Communications, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4794

Enger, P. S., Karlsen, H. E., Knudsen, F. R., & Sand, O. (1993). Detection and reaction of fish to infrasound. ICES mar. Sei. Symp., 196, 108–112. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7491/2a618da033b24796f48e88e71eaa00a9b57d.pdf