PRE2017 3 Groep10
Introduction
Online shopping is becoming increaslingly popular [1], this means that parcel delivery is becoming more and more important in daily life. Nowadays parcels are delivered one by one by people, however, with drones becoming more sophisticated, drones might be able to improve this process.
Problem statement
Can the everyday delivery method of packages be improved by means of drones?
Objectives:
- Human aspect; who is responsible when something goes wrong?
- Delivery method; How accurate can a drone pick up and deliver packages?
- Transport efficiency; what is the time gain of trucks vs drones? Including airspace restrictions.
Stakeholders
Users
The Buyer:
easy and cheap delivery
Society
Neighbourhoods:
Privacy
Enterprise
Supplier:
quick, cheap, safe
Approach, milestones and deliverables
Approach: literature study, surveys, models, experiments
Milestones: testing with Blue Jay, at least 75 surveys, CAD design for delivery method, 25 scientific articles, simulate the time gain of drones
Deliverables: report
5) Who’s doing what?
- Nol & Marc: responsible for the CAD design
- David & Thibeau: responsible for the simulation of the time gain
- Pam: responsible for the survey
Assumptions
Backed up assumptions Group 10
Delivery methods
An attempt to improve the current parcel-delivery system by the use of drones can possibly be done in different ways. During this project, the main focus is on three methods that have been researched by Amazon.com already. These three methods are: 1) Distribution centres (aka Beehives) that send out drones. 2) Truck-drone combinations for 'last-mile-delivery'. 3) Zeppelin as distribution centre using drones.
All three methods are explained in detail, also the comparison is made between each method and the current delivery approach.
Beehive
To be able to deploy delivery drones from distribution centers and warehouses, one must come with a smart design so drone deployment and truck deliveries don’t interfere. Today’s distribution centers and warehouses are typically large-volume single-floor buildings, located on the outskirts of the cities. But since drones are not restricted to the ground floor, it could efficiently fly from higher levels. Combining this possibility with the distribution centers results in the beehive.
The beehive is a multi-level fulfillment center for the delivery drones to take off and land. The beehive facilities would be built vertically so truck deliveries can be deployed from the ground floor while the drones can be deployed from higher levels. In this way the drones are already at a higher level in the sky and therefor restrict the danger of contact with pedestrians. Inside the beehive robots move goods around and conduct maintenance on the drones. And since the facilities are so high, the delivery drones could fly inside as well. Another advantage of the multi-level facility is that the drone activities largely take place on the upper levels, therefor minimizing the noise for surrounding areas. Since the building has multiple levels, it could have a considerably smaller footprint, therefor allowing the beehive to be build closer to city centers. By locating the beehives within or closer to the cities, items may be more quickly delivered to the growing population of people that live in the cities, as well as the large population of people who work in the cities.
The beehive could be used to fulfill thousands of orders a day, in part relying on a large volume of drones that continually pick up deliveries and can recharge their batteries at the site. The beehive has the possibility for a command center to control flight operations, comparable with a flight control tower at the airport.
Distribution centres
To be certain of our choice that the combination of a truck and drone delivery is a better application for the Netherlands than a direct delivery from the available distribution centres, we researched the possibilities amazon drones propose. In their current research status they state that their drones can cover a total distance of 32 km. This means that the drones can fly within a radius of 16 km from the distribution centre on a full battery. Therefor one distribution centre can cover up a surface of (π * r2=) 803.84 km2. To cover up the entire Netherlands its surface (42.000 km2), this results in a demand of over 52 distribution centres. Comparing this to the current number of distribution centres of PostNL which is 6 centres through the entire Netherlands[[2]], a proposed increase of 875% on distribution centres is necessary. This would be the only way to deliver a package on the maximum distance of 16 km within 30 min.
Our solution for this would be to install wireless charging pads throughout the Netherlands, for example on lampposts. This would increase the distance one drone can cover with 200% since the first time the drone can fly straight for 32 km, before fully charging and then cover another 16km so it can still return to the charging pad. This would mean one distribution centre can cover up a radius of 48 km and therefor a surface of 7234 km2. This would mean that about 6 distribution centres could cover up the entire Netherlands, if ideally distributed over the country. In this case a drone maximally takes about 75 minutes for one delivery and another 75 minutes to return and another 30 min to recharge again, resulting in a total time of 180 minutes. It is a possibillity to change the battery of the drone once it is back to the distribution centre, so you can save up the last 30 min with just one action.
Currently the distribution centres aren't spread out optimally over the Netherlands with the furthest distance to the closest distribution centre in the north is 140 km. A clear overview of the centres of PostNL throughout the Netherlands can be seen in the picture above. The centre of the Netherlands can be reached quite well with sometimes more than one distribution centre in range. The outer parts of the Netherlands are actually out of reach, even with the solution of wireless charging pads. Even when applying a second charge moment in the flight, extending the range with another 32 kilometers, not every part of the Netherlands can be reached. And with this extra charge the delivery time is extended with another 60 minutes and the total flying time with 90 minutes, causing one drone to fly for about 5 hours before be ready for the next delivery.
To see if PostNL has its distribution centers on favorable places for drone deployment centers it can be wise to look at the population density of the Netherlands. that way it is possible to see where distribution centers is needed. In the following map the population density with a approximation of favorable distribution centers is mapped. A few notions can be made when comparing the distribution of distribution centers of PostNL compared to the distribution with respect to population density.
- The placement of distribution centers near Amsterdam, Den Haag and Rotterdam seems redundant.
- The map that respects the population density still doesn't cover the entire area of the Netherlands
- There shouldn't be a reason for PostNL not to place distribution centers in the northern part of the netherlands existing of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe.
Truck-drone combination
Zeppelin distribution centres
Coaching Questions
Simulation model to analyse delivery efficiency
GOAL: Determine the time gain by using drones for the 'last-mile-delivery' instead of using cars/vans.
APPROACH: A number of random locations within a dutch city are picked. These locations are assumed to be destinations for packets to be delivered. Then for both methods the time spent on 'last-mile-delivery' is estimated using simulations.
METHODS: 1) Delivery is done by a typical delivery car or van. The main restrictions taken into account are the speed limits. To start off, delay due to busy traffic isn't explicitly implemented yet in this simulation(this might be done later on). An assumption for this method is that only 1 vehicle is used to deliver all packets within that city (Max 10 packets). For now, the actual delivery (parking the vehicle, getting out, get the package to the receiver) is approximated by a constant that can be altered (1-5mins).
2) Delivery is done by drones. The main restrictions are: cruise speed, obstacles (airfields, power lines, windmills) and max range. Later on, if enough time is left, more complex factors can be simulated such as wind(speeds), changing the travel time and range. Multiple drones can be used for a single city. Can be altered to study efficiency relation. All of these drones are deployed from a single location in the city (place where the truck is stopped). For now, the actual delivery is approximated by a constant that can be altered (30s-2mins).
Determining optimal point for drone deployement
For the drone delivery to be as optimal as possible, the optimal deployment points for the drones needs to be determined. These points can be determined by for instance taking all the delivery locations, then drawing circles with a radius of 16 km around these points. Next the areas with the largest amounts of overlapping circles have to be determined, the optimal route for the truck is then through the points which yield the least amount of driving distance but still make all the deliveries possible. Several things have to be considered here, one of those things is that the truck only has a limited amount of drones inside, so areas with more overlapping circles than the amount of drones present are not more useful than areas with just the right amount of overlapping circles. Also it has to be taken into account that some deliveries to one house may consist of multiple packages. Next to that deliveries only have to be made once, so the circles of already planned deliveries should be ignored while determining other points.
Another approach to determine where to deploy the drones is done by using either the Steiner point or the Centre of mass. Let's say N locations are destinations for delivery of packages. Connecting these N locations in the corresponding Steiner point allows for the smallest total distance of the network. With this property, the delivery time for M drones (where N>M) is lower compared to other points of deployment.
However, if the amount of drones equals the amount of destination locations for a specific deployment area, then using the centre of mass will be more efficient. This is because the max distance to the furthest destination is lower for the centre of mass than for the steiner point.
A script that calculates the steiner point in longitude/latitude coordinates for 3 destination points has been constructed. However its accuracy is not fully on point, enhancing this will be done for the next meeting.
State of the art
Questionnaire
1. Ben je een man of vrouw?
2. Hoe oud ben je? (categorieen geven)
3. Hoogst voltooide opleiding? (basisschool, MAVO,HAVO,VWO,MBO,HBO,WO, anders:..)
4. In wat voor soort omgeving woon je? (stad, dorp, platteland)
5. In welk type huis woon je? (flat, vrijstaand huis, twee onder een kap, rijtjeshuis)
6. Maak je gebruik van de mogelijkheid om online pakketten te bestellen? Zo niet, ga door naar vraag 4. Zo ja, ga door naar vraag 5.
7. Waarom maak je geen gebruik van deze dienst? (meerdere opties kunnen geven)
• de leveringssnelheid van het pakket is niet hoog genoeg
• wil het product liever in de werkelijkheid kunnen beoordelen/zien/aanraken
• niet betrouwbaar
• teveel bezorgkosten
• hinderlijk dat je thuis moet zijn op het moment van bezorgen
• hinderlijk dat je het pakket moet ophalen bij een pick up point
• de Track & Trace van het pakket is niet accuraat genoeg
• het is moeilijk en tijdrovend om een pakket te retourneren of te ruilen
• ik ben bang dat mijn persoonlijke gegevens voor andere doeleinden worden gebruikt
• het voelt als privacy schending dat mensen weten wat ik bestel
• de klantenservice is slecht
• ik kan geen specifieke vragen stellen over het product als ik dit online bestel
• het onjuiste product kan worden opgestuurd
• ik ben bang dat mijn pakket op de verkeerde locatie wordt afgeleverd
• ik vind het personeel onvriendelijk
• ik weet het niet
• anders namelijk:
8. Ben je tevreden over de huidige bezorgmethode? (helemaal niet tevreden, niet tevreden, neutraal, tevreden, heel tevreden)
9. Hoe vaak bestel je gemiddeld een pakketje op jaarbasis (meerdere opties geven)? (0-5,5-10,10-15,15-20,20-25,25-30, meer dan 30)
10. Welke dag bestel je meestal? (werkdag, zaterdag of zondag)
11. Op welk deel van de dag bestel je meestal? (ochtend (6:00-12:00), middag(12:00-18:00), avond (18:00-23:59), nacht (0:00-6:00))
12. Geef met cijfers van 0 t/m 10 aan hoe groot je irritatie is bij de volgende gevallen (van geen tot veel irritatie):
• De leveringssnelheid van het pakket is niet hoog genoeg
• Ik kan het product niet in de werkelijkheid beoordelen/zien/aanraken
• Online bestellen is voor mijn gevoel niet altijd betrouwbaar
• De bezorgkosten van de pakketten zijn te hoog
• Het voelt als privacy schending dat de medewerkers kunnen zien wat ik bestel
• De klantenservice is slecht
• Ik kan geen specifieke vragen stellen over het product als ik dit online bestel
• Het onjuiste product wordt opgestuurd
• Mijn pakket wordt op de verkeerde locatie afgeleverd
• Het personeel is onvriendelijk
• Het is moeilijk en tijdrovend om een pakket te retourneren of te ruilen
• Mijn persoonlijke gegevens zijn bij het bestellen van een pakket voor andere doeleinden worden gebruikt
• Thuis moeten zijn om een pakket te kunnen ontvangen
• Wanneer je niet thuis bent op het moment van bezorgen, moet je het pakket ophalen bij de buren of een pick up point
• Wanneer je thuis bent en het pakket geleverd wordt, is contact met de bezorger onvermijdelijk (bijvoorbeeld wanneer je in je in je pyjama zit, op de wc zit of net de douche in wilt stappen)
• Het tijdsinterval waarop mijn pakket geleverd kan worden is te groot
• De locatie van mijn pakket, die ik via Track & Trace kan volgen, is niet nauwkeurig genoeg.
13. Heb je er problemen mee wanneer je pakketten voortaan door een drone geleverd worden in plaats van door een menselijke bezorger? (ja/nee, waarom:..) (antwoord=nee -> ga naar vraag 10, dan naar 12)(antwoord=ja -> ga naar vraag 10,11,12)
14. Het bezorgen van pakketten met drones kan mogelijk veel voordelen leveren. Geef bij iedere stelling aan of dit voor jou een toegevoegde waarde zou zijn:
• Mijn pakket kan sneller worden geleverd
• Het pakket kan worden geleverd op de locatie waar ik op dat moment ben
• De bezorgkosten van het pakket kunnen verlaagd worden
• Er is meer privacy omdat de bezorger is vervangen door een drone
• Het pakket kan niet meer op de verkeerde locatie worden geleverd
• Er is geen contact met de bezorger meer omdat deze is vervangen door een drone
• Het is makkelijker en sneller om een pakket te retourneren of te ruilen
• Het tijdsstip, waarop mijn pakket wordt geleverd, kan exacter worden aangegeven
• Je kan live zien waar je pakket zich bevindt, dus de Track & Trace verbeterd
15. Stel dat het bezorgen van pakketten met drones de vaste bezorgmethode wordt, zou je dan extra geld betalen voor een menselijke bezorger?