https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&feed=atom&action=historyExtended Literature Review - Revision history2024-03-28T12:02:34ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.5https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&diff=61175&oldid=prevS162744: /* Conclusion */2018-06-21T08:47:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Conclusion</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:47, 21 June 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Imposed health risk</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Imposed health risk</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The three methods will each get one of the four rankings per factor (--, -, +, ++). The ranking they get will be based on the literature review that is done per reforestation method. The reforestation method with the best overall score is considered to be the best reforestation method in the case of a forest fire in a National park. However, as the primary factors determining the effectiveness of reforestation are degree of biodiversity and level of control, these criteria are assigned a weight of 2, whereas all other criteria have a regular weight of 1. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The three methods will each get one of the four rankings per factor (--, -, +, ++). The ranking they get will be based on the literature review that is done per reforestation method. The reforestation method with the best overall score is considered to be the best reforestation method in the case of a forest fire in a National park. However, as the primary factors determining the effectiveness of reforestation are <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>degree of biodiversity and level of control, these criteria are assigned a weight of 2, whereas all other criteria have a regular weight of 1. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Natural reforestation and Aerial reforestation both receive one + with respect to biodiversity, this is because they have the ability to regrow several different species but the more dominant species will take over and the natural scenery will not recover. Manual reforestation receives two + because with manual reforestation, complete recovery of the natural scenery is possible. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Natural reforestation and Aerial reforestation both receive one + with respect to biodiversity, this is because they have the ability to regrow several different species but the more dominant species will take over and the natural scenery will not recover. Manual reforestation receives two + because<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>with manual reforestation, complete recovery of the natural scenery is possible. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Manual reforestation receives one + with respect to the time effectivity, this is because a forest recovers faster when seeds are planted. Aerial and natural reforestation get a - and a -- respectively because aerial reforestation is only beneficial with respect to time in a non-fertile area and natural reforestation is very slow. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Manual reforestation receives one + with respect to the time effectivity, this is because <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </ins>a forest recovers faster when seeds are planted. Aerial and natural reforestation get a - and a -- respectively because aerial reforestation is only beneficial with respect to time in a non-fertile area and natural reforestation is very slow. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Natural reforestation receives two + with respect to effectivity with resources because natural reforestation uses no additional resources and thus also has no waste. Manual reforestation receives one + because different seeds can be planted in the correct environment and therefore only the minimal number of seeds are used. Aerial reforestation receives two - because the seed-tree ratio is extremely high. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Natural reforestation receives two + with respect to effectivity with resources because natural reforestation uses no additional resources and thus also has no waste. Manual reforestation receives one + because different seeds can be planted in the correct environment and therefore only the minimal number of seeds are used. Aerial reforestation receives two - because the seed-tree ratio is extremely high. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because this high ratio and much fuel costs aerial reforestation receives two - with respect to costs. Manual reforestation also gets one - for costs because manual <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">labour </del>is always very expensive. Natural reforestation is free and therefore gets two +. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </ins>this high ratio and much fuel costs aerial reforestation receives two - with respect to costs. Manual reforestation also gets one - for costs because manual <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">labor </ins>is always very expensive. Natural reforestation is free and therefore gets two +. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because manual <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">labour </del>is so intensive, manual reforestation receives two - when looking at the factor of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">labour </del>intensity. With natural reforestation no labor is needed, thus this method receives two +. Aerial reforestation involves labor, this is however less intensive than with manual reforestation, the area that can be covered in a small amount of time is very big and this method therefore receives one +. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because manual <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">labor </ins>is so intensive, manual reforestation receives two - when looking at the factor of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">labor </ins>intensity. With natural reforestation no labor is needed, thus this method receives two +. Aerial reforestation involves labor, this is however less intensive than with manual reforestation, the area that can be covered in a small amount of time is very big and this method therefore receives one +. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nobody manages the reforestation when it is done with natural reforestation, this method scores two - when looking at the level of control that can be fulfilled. Because with manual reforestation the location of each species can be determined you can exert a good level of control and this method thus receives two +. Aerial reforestation receives one + because you can determine the area at which you want to plant trees but you cannot control it per centimeter.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nobody manages the reforestation when it is done with natural reforestation, this method scores two - when looking at the level of control that can be fulfilled. Because with manual reforestation the location of each species can be determined you can exert a good level of control and this method thus receives two +. Aerial reforestation receives one + because you can determine the area at which you want to plant trees but you cannot control it per centimeter.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Manual reforestation receives two - with respect to imposed health risk<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>since it involves sending people in polluted and hence mildly toxic areas. Natural reforestation is ranked with two + on this aspect<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>since the only involved health risk <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </del>minor injuries which might occur during the upkeep of the forest in the years to come, but this is something all methods of reforestation have. Aerial seeding receives one + for imposed health risk. This is because pilots will be exposed to low level of kerosine vapor when refueling their planes, which is a toxic substance. However these vapor concentrations are low as they are quickly diffused into the surrounding area. Furthermore, flying at an alleviation exposes the pilots to higher levels of radiation, however seeding heights are rarely above the cloud level and are still in the lower level of the atmosphere where most of the radiation has already been filtered out, thus not posing a significant extra dose when compared to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ground work</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Manual reforestation receives two - with respect to imposed health risk since it involves sending people in polluted and hence mildly toxic areas. Natural reforestation is ranked with two + on this aspect since the only involved health risk <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>minor injuries which might occur during the upkeep of the forest in the years to come, but this is something all methods of reforestation have. Aerial seeding receives one + for imposed health risk. This is because pilots will be exposed to low level of kerosine vapor when refueling their planes, which is a toxic substance. However<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>these vapor concentrations are low as they are quickly diffused into the surrounding area. Furthermore, flying at an alleviation exposes the pilots to higher levels of radiation, however seeding heights are rarely above the cloud level and are still in the lower level of the atmosphere where most of the radiation has already been filtered out, thus not posing a significant extra dose when compared to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">groundwork</ins>. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; color: black; border:1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1"</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; color: black; border:1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1"</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The result shows that natural reforestation and manual reforestation have a tight score of +4 and +5 points respectively. If the grating scale had a higher resolution (more than 4 options and/or less discrete weights) better distinction between the two could have been made. For now, they can thus be considered about equally good for reforestation after a forest fire with respect to the factors the group considers important, with the preference for manual reforestation arising from the evaluation matrix from table 3. Aerial reforestation, despite being commonly a used solution to a reforestation problem in the scope of a national park, is actually least <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">favoured</del>. This is because in both important factors (biodiversity and level of control) it did not emerge <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">victorious</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The result shows that natural reforestation and manual reforestation have a tight score of +4 and +5 points respectively. If the grating scale had a higher resolution (more than 4 options and/or less discrete weights) better distinction between the two could have been made. For now, they can thus be considered about equally good for reforestation after a forest fire with respect to the factors the group considers important, with the preference for manual reforestation arising from the evaluation matrix from table 3. Aerial reforestation, despite being commonly a used solution to a reforestation problem in the scope of a national park, is actually least <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">favored</ins>. This is because in both important factors (biodiversity and level of control) it did not emerge <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">victoriously</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This conclusion is interesting when a prototype of a robot which combats deforestation as a result of forest fires in National parks, is designed. This robot must follow the main design of manual reforestation since this method is considered most efficient. However, as can be seen in the table, there are also some improvement points for this method. Manual reforestation is very labour intensive and it is expensive as well. When a prototype for a reforestation robot is made, the robot must improve the way manual reforestation is done now with respect to labour intensiveness and costs, but the robot must be able to restore biodiversity and have a level of control at least to the same extent as manual reforestation methods have nowadays. A robot would therefore be a desirable way to improve manual reforestation since a robot is a good alternative to decrease the labor intensiveness of a job.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This conclusion is interesting when a prototype of a robot which combats deforestation as a result of forest fires in National parks, is designed. This robot must follow the main design of manual reforestation since this method is considered most efficient. However, as can be seen in the table, there are also some improvement points for this method. Manual reforestation is very labor intensive and it is expensive as well. When a prototype for a reforestation robot is made, the robot must improve the way manual reforestation is done now with respect to labor intensiveness and costs, but the robot must be able to restore biodiversity and have a level of control at least to the same extent as manual reforestation methods have nowadays. A robot would, therefore, be a desirable way to improve manual reforestation since a robot is a good alternative to decrease the labor intensiveness of a job.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Bibliography ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Bibliography ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td></tr>
</table>S162744https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&diff=61172&oldid=prevS162744: /* Current methods of reforestation */2018-06-21T08:45:42Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current methods of reforestation</span></span></p>
<a href="https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&diff=61172&oldid=61170">Show changes</a>S162744https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&diff=61170&oldid=prevS162744: /* Biodiversity & Need for Control in National Parks */2018-06-21T08:40:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Biodiversity & Need for Control in National Parks</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:40, 21 June 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>National Park Service (1916) the NPS Organic Act. Retrieved from: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/npsresponsibilities.htm. Accessed at 14-05-2018.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>National Park Service (1916) the NPS Organic Act. Retrieved from: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/npsresponsibilities.htm. Accessed at 14-05-2018.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meaning that, only taking the natural factors into account, the National Parks have to keep the wildlife as intact as possible. Thereby protecting it not only from human influences, but also from certain natural ones. The latter include, but are not limited to, typhoons, droughts, floods, earthquakes and fires. Even though these phenomena are considered events which happen every once in a while and which are part of nature, their effect on a National Park is usually catastrophic. Usually, after one of these events, a substantial portion of the park is completely devastated, meaning that the wildlife needs to recover. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meaning that, only taking the natural factors into account, the National Parks have to keep the wildlife as intact as possible. Thereby protecting it not only from human influences, but also from certain natural ones. The latter include, but are not limited to, typhoons, droughts, floods, earthquakes<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>and fires. Even though these phenomena are considered events which happen every once in a while and which are part of nature, their effect on a National Park is usually catastrophic. Usually, after one of these events, a substantial portion of the park is completely devastated, meaning that the wildlife needs to recover. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This paper will be limited to the phenomena of a forest fire originated from natural causes and the recovery of the National Park <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">afterwards</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This paper will be limited to the phenomena of a forest fire originated from natural causes and the recovery of the National Park <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">afterward</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In order to recover a National Parks ‘natural scenery’, a clear definition of this must first be established. The natural scenery can be divided into three categories, being animals, plants and non-living elements. This latter category spans the general topography of the Park, e.g. rivers, lakes and mountains. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In order to recover a National Parks ‘natural scenery’, a clear definition of this must first be established. The natural scenery can be divided into three categories, being animals, plants<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>and non-living elements. This latter category spans the general topography of the Park, e.g. rivers, lakes<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>and mountains. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Together these three categories form what is commonly known as an ecosystem<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Which </del>is a term describing the relation between organisms and the physical environment they live in. Therefore, the goal of conserving the natural scenery can also be reformulated into conserving the current ecosystem. As the non-living elements are usually not as heavily influenced as the other two categories, they are from now on ignored in this analysis of the recovery of the National Park.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Together these three categories form what is commonly known as an ecosystem<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which </ins>is a term describing the relation between organisms and the physical environment they live in. Therefore, the goal of conserving the natural scenery can also be reformulated into conserving the current ecosystem. As the non-living elements are usually not as heavily influenced as the other two categories, they are from now on ignored in this analysis of the recovery of the National Park.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another concept linked to the conservation of nature is biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources, within and between species. The degree of biodiversity shapes the ecosystem, if there are many different species living in the park, they interact in another way with each other and their physical environment <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>when compared with a situation wherein there are only a handful of species living in a similar environment. This shows that the biodiversity is of vital importance for the ecosystem<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>and that a change in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parks </del>biodiversity will result in a transformation of its ecosystem. (Greenfacts, 2018)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another concept linked to the conservation of nature is biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources, within and between species. The degree of biodiversity shapes the ecosystem, if there are many different species living in the park, they interact in another way with each other and their physical environment when compared with a situation wherein there are only a handful of species living in a similar environment. This shows that the biodiversity is of vital importance for the ecosystem and that a change in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">park's </ins>biodiversity will result in a transformation of its ecosystem. (Greenfacts, 2018)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Greenfacts (2018) Biodiversity and Human Well-being. Retrieved from: https://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-3/1-define-biodiversity.htm. Accessed at 16-05-2018.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Greenfacts (2018) Biodiversity and Human Well-being. Retrieved from: https://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-3/1-define-biodiversity.htm. Accessed at 16-05-2018.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The substantial dependence of natural scenery on the ecosystem and of the ecosystem on the biodiversity states that for a National Park to conserve its natural scenery, at least the biodiversity cannot change by any significant factor. It is, however, not claimed that this is enough for a park to conserve the natural scenery. It could be argued that other factors, like noise or horizon pollution mean that the natural scenery is not conserved, but this is not discussed in this paper. Only the contribution of the biodiversity is taken into account. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The substantial dependence of natural scenery on the ecosystem and of the ecosystem on the biodiversity states that for a National Park to conserve its natural scenery, at least the biodiversity cannot change by any significant factor. It is, however, not claimed that this is enough for a park to conserve the natural scenery. It could be argued that other factors, like noise or horizon pollution<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>mean that the natural scenery is not conserved, but this is not discussed in this paper. Only the contribution of the biodiversity is taken into account. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Coming back to the recovery after a natural catastrophe, to say that a forest fire has a significant effect on the parks biodiversity is an understatement. Depending on the fire’s size, temperature and the propagation speed it will wreak havoc over a large area of the national park which has disastrous consequences for all wildlife within the area. In order to get the park back to its original level of biodiversity a certain degree of control is needed, as the original ratios of species should be established once again. Regaining this biodiversity is divided in both the animal and plant life, and can be done in multiple ways. This paper will be limited to the methods of regrowing the plant life, to be referred to as reforestation from now on. In order for reforestation to be effective, it needs to give all species a fair chance to return to their original population. This also requires to take into account the species specific growth preferences, meaning factors such as temperature, nutrition, degrees of freedom, and exposure to sunlight. All these factors are heavily dependent on the plant's location, and thus on the location where the initial seed starts to sprout after the fire. Hence, the location of the seeds is of vital importance for reforestation. The three currently most used methods for reforestation are aerial, manual and natural reforestation, which will be further elaborated on below.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Coming back to the recovery after a natural catastrophe, to say that a forest fire has a significant effect on the park's biodiversity is an understatement. Depending on the fire’s size, temperature, and the propagation speed it will wreak havoc over a large area of the national park which has disastrous consequences for all wildlife within the area. In order to get the park back to its original level of biodiversity, a certain degree of control is needed, as the original ratios of species should be established once again. Regaining this biodiversity is divided in both the animal and plant life, and can be done in multiple ways. This paper will be limited to the methods of regrowing the plant life, to be referred to as reforestation from now on. In order for reforestation to be effective, it needs to give all species a fair chance to return to their original population. This also requires to take into account the species-specific growth preferences, meaning factors such as temperature, nutrition, degrees of freedom, and exposure to sunlight. All these factors are heavily dependent on the plant's location, and thus on the location where the initial seed starts to sprout after the fire. Hence, the location of the seeds is of vital importance for reforestation. The three currently most used methods for reforestation are aerial, manual and natural reforestation, which will be further elaborated on below.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Current methods of reforestation ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Current methods of reforestation ==</div></td></tr>
</table>S162744https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&diff=61169&oldid=prevS162744: /* General */2018-06-21T08:38:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">General</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:38, 21 June 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== General ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== General ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In this section a more in depth literature review on the specific subject of reforestation after forest fires is done to assess whether or not a robot is a desirable artifact to be created for such a purpose. Several aspects are investigated including but not limited to biodiversity, need for controlled seeding, effectiveness of current methods and the costs of current methods. The general literature review concerning itself with the possibilities of robotics technology and the contemporary issues involving reforestation can be found in [[General Literature Review]]. General information about the project can be found at [[PRE2017 4 Groep6]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In this section a more in<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins>depth literature review on the specific subject of reforestation after forest fires is done to assess whether or not a robot is a desirable artifact to be created for such a purpose. Several aspects are investigated including but not limited to biodiversity, need for controlled seeding, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>effectiveness of current methods and the costs of current methods. The general literature review concerning itself with the possibilities of robotics technology and the contemporary issues involving reforestation can be found in [[General Literature Review]]. General information about the project can be found at [[PRE2017 4 Groep6]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Biodiversity & Need for Control in National Parks==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Biodiversity & Need for Control in National Parks==</div></td></tr>
</table>S162744https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&diff=58584&oldid=prevS162286 at 12:53, 10 June 20182018-06-10T12:53:36Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:53, 10 June 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== General ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== General ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In this section a more in depth literature review on the specific subject of reforestation after forest fires is done to assess whether or not a robot is a desirable artifact to be created for such a purpose. Several aspects are investigated including but not limited to biodiversity, need for controlled seeding, effectiveness of current methods and the costs of current methods. The general literature review concerning itself with the possibilities of robotics technology and the contemporary issues involving reforestation can be found in [[General Literature Review]]. General information about the project can be found at [[PRE2017 4 Groep6]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In this section a more in depth literature review on the specific subject of reforestation after forest fires is done to assess whether or not a robot is a desirable artifact to be created for such a purpose. Several aspects are investigated including but not limited to biodiversity, need for controlled seeding, effectiveness of current methods and the costs of current methods. The general literature review concerning itself with the possibilities of robotics technology and the contemporary issues involving reforestation can be found in [[General Literature Review]]. General information about the project can be found at [[PRE2017 4 Groep6]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Biodiversity & Need for Control in National Parks==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Biodiversity & Need for Control in National Parks==</div></td></tr>
</table>S162286https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&diff=58579&oldid=prevS162286 at 12:17, 10 June 20182018-06-10T12:17:45Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The result shows that natural reforestation and manual reforestation <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">both end up with 3 </del>points and can thus be considered equally good for reforestation after a forest fire with respect to the factors the group considers important. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the factor ‘ability </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">restore biodiversity’ is very important </del>in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">context </del>of a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">National </del>park, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as can be read in the introduction of this wiki page</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Because manual reforestation has a higher score on this factor, manual reforestation </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the best option for reforestation after a forest fire </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a National park</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The result shows that natural reforestation and manual reforestation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have a tight score of +4 and +5 </ins>points <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">respectively. If the grating scale had a higher resolution (more than 4 options </ins>and<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/or less discrete weights) better distinction between the two could have been made. For now, they </ins>can thus be considered <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">about </ins>equally good for reforestation after a forest fire with respect to the factors the group considers important<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, with the preference for manual reforestation arising from the evaluation matrix from table 3</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Aerial reforestation</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">despite being commonly a used solution </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a reforestation problem </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">scope </ins>of a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">national </ins>park, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is actually least favoured</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">because </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">both important factors (biodiversity and level of control) it did not emerge victorious</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This conclusion is interesting when a prototype of a robot<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, that </del>combats deforestation as a result of forest fires in National parks, is designed. This robot must follow the main design of manual reforestation since this method is considered most efficient. However, as can be seen in the table, there are also some improvement points for this method. Manual reforestation is very labour intensive and it is expensive as well. When a prototype for a reforestation robot is made, the robot must improve the way manual reforestation is done now with respect to labour intensiveness and costs but the robot must be able to restore biodiversity and have a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">good </del>level of control <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as well </del>as manual reforestation <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is able now</del>. A robot <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </del>therefore a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">very good </del>way to improve manual reforestation since a robot is a good <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">manner </del>to decrease the labor intensiveness of a job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This conclusion is interesting when a prototype of a robot <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which </ins>combats deforestation as a result of forest fires in National parks, is designed. This robot must follow the main design of manual reforestation since this method is considered most efficient. However, as can be seen in the table, there are also some improvement points for this method. Manual reforestation is very labour intensive and it is expensive as well. When a prototype for a reforestation robot is made, the robot must improve the way manual reforestation is done now with respect to labour intensiveness and costs<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>but the robot must be able to restore biodiversity and have a level of control <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at least to the same extent </ins>as manual reforestation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">methods have nowadays</ins>. A robot <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">would </ins>therefore <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">desirable </ins>way to improve manual reforestation since a robot is a good <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">alternative </ins>to decrease the labor intensiveness of a job.</div></td></tr>
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</table>S162286https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&diff=58578&oldid=prevS162286 at 12:09, 10 June 20182018-06-10T12:09:29Z<p></p>
<a href="https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&diff=58578&oldid=58577">Show changes</a>S162286https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&diff=58577&oldid=prevS162286 at 10:50, 10 June 20182018-06-10T10:50:39Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; color: black; border:1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1"</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; color: black; border:1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1"</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|+ '''Table <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</del>: Evaluation of the reforestation methods'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|+ '''Table <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3</ins>: Evaluation of the reforestation methods'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>! </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>! </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>! Natural reforestation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>! Natural reforestation</div></td></tr>
</table>S162286https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&diff=58576&oldid=prevS162286 at 10:37, 10 June 20182018-06-10T10:37:52Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Natural Reforestation===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Natural Reforestation===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One method of reforestation is natural reforestation. Natural reforestation relies on nature to return an area to forestland after the area is deforested<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, this </del>returning of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">trees </del>can happen through seeds that are carried by the wind, transported or buried by animals or that are dropped by mature trees (North Carolina Forestry Association, 2017) <ref name="NCFA">North Carolina Forestry Association. (2017, February). Forest Management Basics. Retrieved: https://www.ncforestry.org/teachers/forest-management-basics/. Accessed at 18-05-2018.</ref>. This already leads to the first constraint of natural reforestation; there must be adequate living trees and animals around to enable natural reforestation. If there are no trees in the entire environment, there is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">no possibility </del>that seeds <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can </del>be <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dropped on </del>the area. However, this study is concerned about returning <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an </del>forest after a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">forest fire </del>in a National park, in most cases the fire is eliminated after a while due to human interference and this results in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">enough </del>living trees left to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drop </del>seeds. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One method of reforestation is natural reforestation. Natural reforestation relies on nature to return an area to forestland after the area is deforested<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. This </ins>returning of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vegetation </ins>can happen through seeds that are carried by the wind, transported or buried by animals or that are dropped by mature trees (North Carolina Forestry Association, 2017) <ref name="NCFA">North Carolina Forestry Association. (2017, February). Forest Management Basics. Retrieved: https://www.ncforestry.org/teachers/forest-management-basics/. Accessed at 18-05-2018.</ref>. This already leads to the first constraint of natural reforestation; there must be adequate living trees and animals around to enable natural reforestation<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, i.e. a nearby ecosystem has to be present</ins>. If there are no trees in the entire environment, there is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">only a negligible probability </ins>that seeds <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">will </ins>be <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">transported to </ins>the area. However, this study is concerned about returning <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </ins>forest after a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wildfire </ins>in a National park, in most cases the fire is eliminated after a while due to human interference and this results in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sufficient </ins>living trees left <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in the neighborhood </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">provide </ins>seeds. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In contrast to artificial deforestation, natural reforestation happens without the help of humans or machines. Because natural reforestation happens without the interference of humans, there is absolutely no control in natural reforestation. This means that the most dominant species, or the species that have not been destroyed by the fire, will regrow on the devastated area whilst other species <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also </del>located at this area are either all destroyed by the fire or take much longer to regrow, endangering them to vanishing from the National park since they cannot spread their seeds anymore. As is stated in the introduction from this wiki page, in order to rehabilitate the Natural park the biodiversity must stay in its original state <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as much as </del>possible. This may happen with natural reforestation when the National park only consisted of one or a few species. However, when the National park consisted of many different species, which is often the case to create a nice scenery, natural reforestation provides no control and thus no guarantee that the old ratio of species will regrow. It can be said that the natural reforestation will always be good since nature can do what she wants, this is however not the case for a National park. Some species will always be dominant over other species, e.g. weeds in your own backyard. These dominant species are however not the (only) species you want to have in a National park. In order to recreate the original ratios of species in the National park, some level of control is needed which cannot be created with natural reforestation.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In contrast to artificial deforestation, natural reforestation happens without the help of humans or machines. Because natural reforestation happens without the interference of humans, there is absolutely no control in natural reforestation. This means that the most dominant species, or the species that have not been destroyed by the fire, will regrow on the devastated area whilst other species <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which </ins>were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">originally </ins>located at this area are either all destroyed by the fire or take much longer to regrow, endangering them to vanishing from the National park since they cannot spread their seeds anymore. As is stated in the introduction from this wiki page, in order to rehabilitate the Natural park the biodiversity must stay in its original state <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to the best </ins>possible <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">extent</ins>. This may happen with natural reforestation when the National park only consisted of one or a few species. However, when the National park consisted of many different species, which is often the case to create a nice scenery, natural reforestation provides no control and thus no guarantee that the old ratio of species will regrow. It can be said that the natural reforestation will always be good since nature can do what she wants, this is however not the case for a National park. Some species will always be dominant over other species, e.g. weeds in your own backyard. These dominant species are however not the (only) species you want to have in a National park. In order to recreate the original ratios of species in the National park, some level of control is needed which cannot be created with natural reforestation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The benefit of natural reforestation is that the costs are extremely low. Because natural reforestation happens without the interference of humans, technology or other materials, there is also no money invested in the reforestation. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The benefit of natural reforestation is that the costs are extremely low. Because natural reforestation happens without the interference of humans, technology or other materials, there is also no money invested in the reforestation. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the introduction it is also stated that in order to achieve the preferred ratios of species, the different seeds need to be planted at different depths in the soil. It is obvious that this situation cannot be achieved by means of natural reforestation. Because most natural reforestation happens with seeds that are dropped by mature trees, these seeds will all end up on the ground and none will be buried. The level of control that is thus needed to recreate a National park cannot be obtained with natural reforestation. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the introduction it is also stated that in order to achieve the preferred ratios of species, the different seeds need to be planted at different depths in the soil. It is obvious that this situation cannot be achieved by means of natural reforestation. Because most natural reforestation happens with seeds that are dropped by mature trees, these seeds will all end up on the ground and none will be buried<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, unless they are taken away be local wildlife</ins>. The level of control that is thus needed to recreate a National park cannot be obtained with natural reforestation. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another source confirms this conclusion and states that only 7.9% of reforestation is done with natural reforestation (Lukaszewicz, 2002)<ref>Jan Lukaszewicz, W. K. (2002). THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL REGENERATION IN INCREASING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN POLAND. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0323-B1.HTM. Accessed at 16-05-2018. </ref>. This number is so low because where natural methods of natural regeneration fail or are unrealistic, artificial planting ensures the attainment of the main goal - sustainability of forest ecosystems. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another source confirms this conclusion and states that only 7.9% of reforestation is done with natural reforestation (Lukaszewicz, 2002)<ref>Jan Lukaszewicz, W. K. (2002). THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL REGENERATION IN INCREASING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN POLAND. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0323-B1.HTM. Accessed at 16-05-2018. </ref>. This number is so low because where natural methods of natural regeneration fail or are unrealistic, artificial planting ensures the attainment of the main goal - sustainability of forest ecosystems. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Artificial reforestation has certain important benefits why it is often preferred over natural reforestation. It provides better control over tree spacing, more control over the species present in the new forest, the opportunity to plant genetically improved seeds or seedlings, and a higher rate of tree survival (North Carolina Forestry Association, 2017) <ref name="NCFA"/>. It can be summarized that when using artificial reforestation, the reforestation can be better managed than with natural reforestation, which is exactly what is necessary to recreate the National park as is stated in the introduction (United States Department of Agriculure, 2014) <ref> United States Department of Agriculure, Forest Service, Northern Research Station,2014. Retrieved from: https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/fmg/nfmg/docs/mn/Reforestation.pdf. Accessed at 18-05-2018.</ref>. Two main methods of artificial reforestation are manual reforestation and aerial reforestation. These two methods will now be discussed. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Artificial reforestation has certain important benefits <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as to </ins>why it is often preferred over natural reforestation. It provides better control over tree spacing, more control over the species present in the new forest, the opportunity to plant genetically improved seeds or seedlings, and a higher rate of tree survival (North Carolina Forestry Association, 2017) <ref name="NCFA"/>. It can be summarized that when using artificial reforestation, the reforestation can be better managed than with natural reforestation, which is exactly what is necessary to recreate the National park as is stated in the introduction (United States Department of Agriculure, 2014) <ref> United States Department of Agriculure, Forest Service, Northern Research Station,2014. Retrieved from: https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/fmg/nfmg/docs/mn/Reforestation.pdf. Accessed at 18-05-2018.</ref>. Two main methods of artificial reforestation are manual reforestation and aerial reforestation. These two methods will now be discussed. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Manual reforestation===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Manual reforestation===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Manual reforestation is the oldest and most well-known method of replanting areas devastated by wildfires and in general. However, manual reforestation is also a very slow method. It requires a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lot of </del>workforce and costs can <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">go up </del>quickly. It is estimated that manual reforestation can cost up to 62<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del>000 USD (Engel and Parrotta, 2001) <ref name = "manual"> Engel, V. L., & Parrotta, J. A. (2001). An evaluation of direct seeding for reforestation of degraded lands in central Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management, 152(1-3), 169-181., https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00600-9 </ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for the initial replanting only in a 1 by 1 km area</del>. Maintenance is also required in the following years to make sure the forest grows as it is expected to be. This can cost up to 120<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del>000 USD in the first 2 years only (Engel and Parrotta, 2001)<ref name = "manual"/>. This is a significant investment for national parks or other involved parties and other methods might be more cost efficient. More than 182<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del>000 USD has to be spent on workforce and material. This is by far the most expensive and most labour intensive method and therefore not the most wanted solution.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Manual reforestation is the oldest and most well-known method of replanting areas devastated by wildfires and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the overall replanting of trees </ins>in general. However, manual reforestation is also a very slow method. It requires a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">large </ins>workforce and costs can quickly <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rise beyond proportions</ins>. It is estimated that manual reforestation can cost up to 62<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>000 USD <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for the initial replanting of a mere 1 by 1 km lot </ins>(Engel and Parrotta, 2001) <ref name = "manual"> Engel, V. L., & Parrotta, J. A. (2001). An evaluation of direct seeding for reforestation of degraded lands in central Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management, 152(1-3), 169-181., https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00600-9 </ref>. Maintenance is also required in the following years to make sure the forest grows as it is expected to be. This can cost up to 120<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>000 USD in the first 2 years only (Engel and Parrotta, 2001)<ref name = "manual"/>. This is a significant investment for national parks or other involved parties and other methods might be more cost efficient. More than 182<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>000 USD has to be spent on workforce and material. This is by far the most expensive and most labour intensive method and therefore not the most wanted solution<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Manual reforestation is however, preferable over methods for small areas</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This method of reforestation also poses significant health risks to the workforce (Finlay et al., 2012) <ref name = "health"> Finlay, S. E., Moffat, A., Gazzard, R., Baker, D., & Murray, V. (2012). Health impacts of wildfires. PLoS currents, 4. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2F4f959951cce2c </ref>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Our </del>focus lies on wildfires in national parks, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">there are </del>high pollution rates for soil, air and water in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">these </del>areas. Ashes and toxic residues are often found <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in these </del>in and near the devastated areas. There is an increase in mortality rate and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </del>symptomes related to the lungs occur at a significant higher rate (Finlay et al., 2012) <ref name = "health"/> . This is perhaps the most important factor when deciding which method is to be used to replant an area after a wildfire.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This method of reforestation also poses significant health risks to the workforce (Finlay et al., 2012) <ref name = "health"> Finlay, S. E., Moffat, A., Gazzard, R., Baker, D., & Murray, V. (2012). Health impacts of wildfires. PLoS currents, 4. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2F4f959951cce2c </ref>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Since our </ins>focus lies on wildfires in national parks, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this implies </ins>high pollution rates for soil, air and water in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the target </ins>areas. Ashes and toxic residues are often found in and near the devastated areas. There is an increase in mortality rate and symptomes related to the lungs occur at a significant higher rate (Finlay et al., 2012) <ref name = "health"/> . This is perhaps the most important factor when deciding which method is to be used to replant an area after a wildfire.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Manual reforestation also has some benefits over the other primary replanting methods. This methods is more precise compared to the other methods. Seeds can be planted at a more optimal depth and invasive <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>other unwanted species can be easily removed by the workforce on-site (Waldrop, 1998) <ref name = "conference"> Waldrop, T. A. (1998). Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-20. Asheville, NC: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 628 p., 20. https://doi.org/10.2737/SRS-GTR-20</ref>. This means that the destroyed forest can be changed to a more healthy ecosystem by having the workforce suppress and promote certain species. The germination rate is therefore also relatively high compared to the other primary replanting methods (Waldrop, 1998) <ref name = "conference"/>. However, this rate also depends on other factors like seed quality and differs per species. Seeds are also less prone to animals that use them as food<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>they are planted directly into the ground and are not easily accessible by animals. Seedlings and young trees can also be planted instead of seeds <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">only </del>to kickstart the growth of the forest. This method bypasses danger of the seed just lying on the ground. However, seedlings and saplings more expensive and are <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">harder than seeds </del>to move on-site. Recent advancements in seed quality also <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">makes a seeds </del>only <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">method </del>more beneficial, both in terms of costs and survival rate.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Manual reforestation also has some benefits over the other primary replanting methods. This methods is more precise compared to the other methods. Seeds can be planted at a more optimal depth and invasive <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or </ins>other unwanted species can be easily removed by the workforce on-site (Waldrop, 1998) <ref name = "conference"> Waldrop, T. A. (1998). Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-20. Asheville, NC: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 628 p., 20. https://doi.org/10.2737/SRS-GTR-20</ref>. This means that the destroyed forest can be changed to a more healthy ecosystem by having the workforce suppress and promote certain species. The germination rate is therefore also relatively high compared to the other primary replanting methods (Waldrop, 1998) <ref name = "conference"/>. However, this rate also depends on other factors like seed quality and differs per species. Seeds are also less prone to animals that use them as food <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as </ins>they are planted directly into the ground and are not easily accessible by animals. Seedlings and young trees can also be planted instead of seeds <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">themselves </ins>to kickstart the growth of the forest. This method bypasses <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the inherent </ins>danger of the seed just lying on the ground. However, seedlings and saplings <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </ins>more expensive and are <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fairly more difficult </ins>to move on-site <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">when compared with the relatively small seeds</ins>. Recent advancements in seed quality <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have </ins>also <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">made seed-</ins>only <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">methods </ins>more beneficial, both in terms of costs and survival rate.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Manual reforestation is also already augmented by utilising machines, by preparing the ground beforehand by means of subsoiling, machines can increase the growth rate and survival rate of the seeds (Waldrop, 1998) <ref name = "conference"/>. Subsoiling also provides the option for placing the seeds even deeper into the ground, which can be beneficial for certain species. However, planting is still a labour intensive practice and these large machines for subsoiling, often used in agriculture, can not be used in all areas in national parks. Without machines, manual reforestation can still reach hill and mountain like areas that are normally not easily accessible for large machines</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Manual reforestation is also already augmented by utilising machines, by preparing the ground beforehand by means of subsoiling, machines can increase the growth rate and survival rate of the seeds (Waldrop, 1998) <ref name = "conference"/>. Subsoiling also provides the option for placing the seeds even deeper into the ground, which can be beneficial for certain species. However, planting is still a labour intensive practice and these large machines for subsoiling, often used in agriculture, can not be used in all areas in national parks. Without machines, manual reforestation can still reach hill and mountain like areas that are normally not easily accessible for large machines<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A small robot could significantly decrease overall costs while still being able to a reach difficult areas. There are also no extra health risks for the human workforce, since they can perform their function off-site. If high precision can be achieved without a significant loss of speed and a high germination rate, then small <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">robot </del>might provide an elegant, cheap and fast solution to the given problem.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A small robot could significantly decrease overall costs while still being able to a reach difficult areas. There are also no extra health risks for the human workforce, since they can perform their function off-site. If high precision can be achieved without a significant loss of speed and a high germination rate, then small <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">robots </ins>might provide an elegant, cheap and fast solution to the given problem.</div></td></tr>
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</table>S162286https://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Extended_Literature_Review&diff=58575&oldid=prevS162286 at 10:02, 10 June 20182018-06-10T10:02:01Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:02, 10 June 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== General ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== General ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In this section a more in depth literature review on the specific subject of reforestation after forest fires is done to assess whether or not a robot is a desirable artifact to be created for such a purpose. Several aspects are investigated including but not limited to biodiversity, need for controlled seeding, effectiveness of current and the costs of current methods. The general literature review concerning itself with the possibilities of robotics technology and the contemporary issues involving reforestation can be found in [[General Literature Review]]. General information about the project can be found at [[PRE2017 4 Groep6]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In this section a more in depth literature review on the specific subject of reforestation after forest fires is done to assess whether or not a robot is a desirable artifact to be created for such a purpose. Several aspects are investigated including but not limited to biodiversity, need for controlled seeding, effectiveness of current <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">methods </ins>and the costs of current methods. The general literature review concerning itself with the possibilities of robotics technology and the contemporary issues involving reforestation can be found in [[General Literature Review]]. General information about the project can be found at [[PRE2017 4 Groep6]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Biodiversity & Need for Control in National Parks==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Biodiversity & Need for Control in National Parks==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>National Parks are located in most countries spread all over the world. In <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">only </del>the United States, the 59 acknowledged <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parks before 2018 </del>span well over 400 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">thousand squared kilometer </del>(Sawe, B.E. 2017) </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>National Parks are located in most countries spread all over the world. In the United States <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">only</ins>, the 59 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">national parks which were </ins>acknowledged <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at the end of 2017 </ins>span well over 400<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.000 km<sup>2</sup> </ins>(Sawe, B.E. 2017) </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sawe Benjamin Elisha (2017) How many national parks are there in the United States, World Atlas. Retrieved from: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/how-many-national-parks-are-there-in-the-united-states.html. Accessed at 14-05-2018.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sawe Benjamin Elisha (2017) How many national parks are there in the United States, World Atlas. Retrieved from: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/how-many-national-parks-are-there-in-the-united-states.html. Accessed at 14-05-2018.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even though National Parks are most commonly known as a touristic attraction, the reason they have originally been established is ‘’to conserve the scenery, natural and cultural resources, and other values of the park in a way that will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.’’ (The NPS Organic Act 1916)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even though National Parks are most commonly known as a touristic attraction, the reason they have originally been established is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>‘’to conserve the scenery, natural and cultural resources, and other values of the park in a way that will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.’’<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>(The NPS Organic Act<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>1916)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>National Park Service (1916) the NPS Organic Act. Retrieved from: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/npsresponsibilities.htm. Accessed at 14-05-2018.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>National Park Service (1916) the NPS Organic Act. Retrieved from: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/npsresponsibilities.htm. Accessed at 14-05-2018.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meaning that, only taking the natural factors into account, the National Parks have to keep the wildlife as intact as possible. Thereby protecting it not only from human influences, but also from certain natural ones. The latter include, but are not limited to, typhoons, droughts, floods and fires. Even though these phenomena are considered <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">things that </del>happen every once in a while and which are part of nature, their effect on a National Park is usually catastrophic. Usually, after one of these events, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">big parts </del>of the park <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are destroyed entirely</del>, meaning that the wildlife needs to recover. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meaning that, only taking the natural factors into account, the National Parks have to keep the wildlife as intact as possible. Thereby protecting it not only from human influences, but also from certain natural ones. The latter include, but are not limited to, typhoons, droughts, floods<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, earthquakes </ins>and fires. Even though these phenomena are considered <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">events which </ins>happen every once in a while and which are part of nature, their effect on a National Park is usually catastrophic. Usually, after one of these events, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a substantial portion </ins>of the park <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is completely devastated</ins>, meaning that the wildlife needs to recover. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This paper will be limited to the phenomena of a forest fire originated <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by </del>natural causes and the recovery of the National Park afterwards. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This paper will be limited to the phenomena of a forest fire originated <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">from </ins>natural causes and the recovery of the National Park afterwards. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In order to recover a National Parks ‘natural scenery’, a clear definition of this must first be <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">found</del>. The natural scenery can be divided into three categories, being animals, plants and non-living elements. This latter category spans the general topography of the Park, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for example </del>rivers, lakes and mountains. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In order to recover a National Parks ‘natural scenery’, a clear definition of this must first be <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">established</ins>. The natural scenery can be divided into three categories, being animals, plants and non-living elements. This latter category spans the general topography of the Park, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e.g. </ins>rivers, lakes and mountains. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Together these three categories form what is commonly known as an ecosystem. Which is a term describing the relation between organisms and the physical environment they live in. Therefore, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to conserve </del>the natural scenery can also be reformulated into conserving the current ecosystem. As the non-living elements are usually not as heavily influenced as the other two categories, they are from now on ignored in this analysis of the recovery of the National Park.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Together these three categories form what is commonly known as an ecosystem. Which is a term describing the relation between organisms and the physical environment they live in. Therefore, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the goal of conserving </ins>the natural scenery can also be reformulated into conserving the current ecosystem. As the non-living elements are usually not as heavily influenced as the other two categories, they are from now on ignored in this analysis of the recovery of the National Park.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another concept linked to the conservation of nature is biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources, within and between species. The degree of biodiversity shapes the ecosystem, if there are many different species living in the park, they interact in another way with each other and their physical environment <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">than </del>when there are only a handful of species living <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">there</del>. This shows that the biodiversity is of vital importance for the ecosystem, and that a change in the parks biodiversity will result in a transformation of its ecosystem. (Greenfacts, 2018)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another concept linked to the conservation of nature is biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources, within and between species. The degree of biodiversity shapes the ecosystem, if there are many different species living in the park, they interact in another way with each other and their physical environment <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>when <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compared with a situation wherein </ins>there are only a handful of species living <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in a similar environment</ins>. This shows that the biodiversity is of vital importance for the ecosystem, and that a change in the parks biodiversity will result in a transformation of its ecosystem. (Greenfacts, 2018)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Greenfacts (2018) Biodiversity and Human Well-being. Retrieved from: https://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-3/1-define-biodiversity.htm. Accessed at 16-05-2018.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Greenfacts (2018) Biodiversity and Human Well-being. Retrieved from: https://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/l-3/1-define-biodiversity.htm. Accessed at 16-05-2018.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l22">Line 22:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The substantial dependence of natural scenery on the ecosystem and of the ecosystem on the biodiversity states that for a National Park to conserve its natural scenery, at least the biodiversity cannot change by any significant factor. It is, however, not claimed that this is enough for a park to conserve the natural scenery. It could be argued that other factors, like noise or horizon pollution mean that the natural scenery is not conserved, but this is not discussed in this paper. Only the contribution of the biodiversity is taken into account. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The substantial dependence of natural scenery on the ecosystem and of the ecosystem on the biodiversity states that for a National Park to conserve its natural scenery, at least the biodiversity cannot change by any significant factor. It is, however, not claimed that this is enough for a park to conserve the natural scenery. It could be argued that other factors, like noise or horizon pollution mean that the natural scenery is not conserved, but this is not discussed in this paper. Only the contribution of the biodiversity is taken into account. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coming back to the recovery after a natural catastrophe, to say that a forest fire has a significant effect on the parks biodiversity is an understatement. Depending on the fire’s size, temperature and the propagation speed it will wreak havoc over a large area of the national park which has disastrous consequences <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on </del>all wildlife within the area. In order to get the park back to its original level of biodiversity a certain degree of control is needed, as the original ratios of species should be established once again. Regaining this biodiversity is divided in both the animal and plant life, and can be done in multiple ways. This paper will be limited to the methods of regrowing the plant life, to be referred to as reforestation from now on. In order for reforestation to be effective, it needs to give all species a fair chance to return to their original population. This also <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">needs </del>to take into account the species specific growth preferences, meaning factors such as temperature, nutrition, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">amount </del>of freedom, and exposure to sunlight. All these factors are heavily dependent on the plant's location, and thus on the location where the initial seed starts to sprout after the fire. Hence, the location of the seeds is of vital importance for reforestation. The three currently most used methods for reforestation are aerial, manual and natural reforestation, which will be further elaborated on below.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coming back to the recovery after a natural catastrophe, to say that a forest fire has a significant effect on the parks biodiversity is an understatement. Depending on the fire’s size, temperature and the propagation speed it will wreak havoc over a large area of the national park which has disastrous consequences <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for </ins>all wildlife within the area. In order to get the park back to its original level of biodiversity a certain degree of control is needed, as the original ratios of species should be established once again. Regaining this biodiversity is divided in both the animal and plant life, and can be done in multiple ways. This paper will be limited to the methods of regrowing the plant life, to be referred to as reforestation from now on. In order for reforestation to be effective, it needs to give all species a fair chance to return to their original population. This also <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">requires </ins>to take into account the species specific growth preferences, meaning factors such as temperature, nutrition, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">degrees </ins>of freedom, and exposure to sunlight. All these factors are heavily dependent on the plant's location, and thus on the location where the initial seed starts to sprout after the fire. Hence, the location of the seeds is of vital importance for reforestation. The three currently most used methods for reforestation are aerial, manual and natural reforestation, which will be further elaborated on below.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>S162286